Dawb phosphorus, liab thiab dub - yam ntxwv thiab daim ntawv thov

Phosphorus yog ib tug ncaj ntau tshuaj caij rau peb ntiaj chaw. Nws lub npe txhais li "luminous", vim hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, nws ci luj lug nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Qhib no nws yog heev los ntawm kev huam yuaj, alchemist Henning Brandt, thaum nws sim extract kub los ntawm cov zis. Txij li thaum phosphorus yog thawj lub caij uas alchemists twb tau txais los ntawm lawv cov thwmsim.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm phosphorus

Nws yog sib heev kom nquag plias, yog li lawm nws yuav pom xwb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov - tebchaw nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab, ntawm uas muaj 190 hom. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj compound - ib tug calcium phosphate (apatite mineral). Tam sim no muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm apatite, feem ntau ntawm uas yog fluorapatite. Ntawm apatite yog muaj li ntawm ntau hom ntawm sedimentary pob zeb - phosphates.

Nyob kab mob phosphorus nws yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb heev, vim ib feem ntawm ob zaub thiab tsiaj protein nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau yam tebchaw.

Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, qhov no caij muaj feem ntau cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub noob thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj - nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntshav cov nqaijrog, mis nyuj, hlwb ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab tshee ntaub so ntswg. Loj npaum li cas ntawm phosphorus muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov calcium phosphate nyob rau hauv cov pob txha ntawm vertebrates.

Phosphorus tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb allotropic hloov: dawb phosphorus, liab thiab dub. Cia xyuas lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Dawb phosphorus yuav tau sai heev txias lub vapors. Ces tus tsim crystalline khoom, uas yog kiag li pob tshab thiab tsis muaj kob nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab lub xeev. Dawb phosphorus, npaj kev muag khoom, feem ntau yog xim nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis yellowish xim thiab nws zoo li yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau ciab. Nyob rau hauv no txias tshuaj nws yuav taus, thiab nyob ib tug kub saum toj no 15 degrees yuav mos mos thiab yuav muab tau yooj yim txiav nrog ib tug riam.

Nyob rau hauv dej, dawb phosphorus yog tsis yaj, tab sis teb zoo mus organic solvents. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nws oxidizes sai sai heev (pib mus hlawv) thiab tseem glows nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Ua tau, lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug luminous tshuaj thiab detective dab neeg ntawm lub Hound ntawm cov Baskervilles kev cob cog rua nrog dawb phosphorus. Nws yog ib tug muaj zog tshuaj lom uas tuag txawm nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj.

Liab phosphorus - ib tug khoom tsaus xim liab, uas muaj zog heev txawv los ntawm uas piav saum toj no. Nws yog oxidized nyob rau hauv cov huab cua heev maj mam, nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, zes, zes rau xwb los cua kub nyob rau hauv ib tug organic kuab tshuaj ntawd yog tsis yooj yim sua, thiab nws tsis yog lom. Ib tug muaj zog cua sov, uas yog tsis muaj kev nkag tau ntawm huab cua, nws tsis muaj melting, yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv chav, uas, nyob rau cua txias, thiab qhov tau dawb phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv lub combustion ntawm ob ntsiab tsim phosphorus oxide, uas proves muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv ntawm cov tib lub caij. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lawv tsim los ntawm ib tug caij - phosphor - thiab yog nws allotropic kho.

Dub phosphorus yog npaj los ntawm dawb ntawm 200 degrees Celsius nyob rau hauv kub siab. Nws muaj ib tug layered qauv, ib tug nws yog xim hlau ci thiab tsos zoo xws li cov graphite. Ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom substance nws yog tus kawg active.

Cov kev siv ntawm phosphorus

Niaj hnub nimno ntau lawm ntawm phosphorus - txog li ib lab tons ib xyoos twg. Major producers: hauv lub tebchaws United States, cov Netherlands, Canada, lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Lub ib thooj ntawm cov ua phosphorus noj rau thermal phosphoric acid yog siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm chiv thiab phosphates. Dawb phosphorus yog siv raws li ib tug caws nplaum thiab haus luam yeeb ua neeg sawv cev, xws li taug qab cov mos txwv.

Liab yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua ib tug caws nplaum nto ntawm ib tug matchbox, thiab nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm incandescent qhov muag teeb, nws ua raws li ib tug getter.

Phosphorus tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv metallurgy. Nws yog siv raws li ib tug additive rau tsim doped alloys, solders, mos magnetic alloys thiab antifriction.