Allotropic oxygen modifications: tus xeeb ceem thiab tus nqi

Atoms ntawm ib hom yuav yog ib feem ntawm cov yeeb yam sib txawv. Rau ib lub caij uas tau cim los ntawm lub cim "O" (los ntawm Latin lub npe Oxygenium), ob qho yooj yim ntawm cov khoom muaj npe nyob hauv cov xwm txheej. Cov mis ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv - O _2, lub thib ob - O _3. Qhov no allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa (allotropes). Nws muaj lwm yam sib txuas tsawg ruaj (O ₄ thiab O _8). To taub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav pab cov kev sib piv ntawm molecules thiab thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj.

Dab tsi yog kev hloov kho txhua yam?

Ntau hom tshuaj tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob rau ob, peb lossis ntau hom. Txhua yam ntawm cov kev hloov no yog tsim los ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob tib yam. Tus kws tshawb fawb J. Berzellius hauv xyoo 1841 yog thawj tug hu ua ib qho kev tshwm sim rau txhua tus neeg. Qhov qhib kev ua tau yog pib siv rau cov cim ntawm cov qauv molecular xwb. Piv txwv, ob qho tag nrho cov kev hloov ntawm cov pa oxygen, lub atoms ntawm daim ntawv uas muaj cov molecules. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tau tias qhov kev hloov kho ntawd kuj yog nyob ntawm cov thwj cim. Raws li niaj hnub ntsiab, allotropy yog ib qho ntawm cov polymorphism. Qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov qauv thiab cov ntxhuav. Qhov no feature yog manifested tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pawg 13-16 ntawm lub rooj thawv.

Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov atom yuav cuam tshuam dab tsi ntawm cov khoom?

Allotropic modifications ntawm oxygen thiab ozone yog tsim los ntawm atoms ntawm lub caij nrog atomic tooj 8 thiab tib lub xov tooj ntawm cov electrons. Tab sis lawv txawv nyob rau hauv tus qauv, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis sib xws hauv cov khoom.

Cov kev txiav txim los ntawm cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sib piv: txhua yam kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis txawv hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ua piv txwv yog nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj ntawm cov khoom.

Puas yog tib cov pa oxygen thiab ozone?

Yeeb tshuaj, uas nws mis O ₂ tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cua, cov hydrosphere, ua kiav txhab thiab nyob kab mob. Kwv yees li ntawm 20% ntawm cov cua yog tsim los ntawm diatomic oxygen molecules. Hauv lub stratosphere ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj 12 txog 30 km ntawm lub ntiaj teb daim av muaj ib lub txheej xwm hu ua "ozone screen". Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg qhia cov mis O _3. Ozone tiv thaiv peb lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev siv cov kab mob tsis zoo ntawm cov xim liab thiab ultraviolet ntawm lub hnub. Lub concentration ntawm tshuaj yog lossi hloov, thiab nws nruab nrab tus nqi yog tsawg - 0,001%. Yog li, O ₂ thiab O ₃ - allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa, nrog qhov sib txawv rau cov ceevxwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas tau cov pa thiab ozone?

Molecular oxygen yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau lub teeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Nrog lub fais fab tuag tawm ntawm cov natural or artificial origin, diatomic oxygen molecule breaks up. Qhov kub ntawm qhov txheej txheem pib yog hais txog 2000 ° C. Qee cov radicals uas tau tuaj ua ke dua ntxiv rau cov pa oxygen. Qee cov khoom ua tau tshwm sim nrog diatomic oxygen molecules. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, nws yog tsim tawm, uas kuj reacts nrog cov dawb pa radicals. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, diatomic molecules tshwm sim. Reversibility ntawm kev tshua ua rau lub fact tias cov concentration ntawm atmospheric ozone yog tas li hloov. Nyob rau hauv lub stratosphere tsim txheej tsim ntawm lub O ₃ molecules vim ultraviolet tawg los ntawm lub hnub. Yog tias tsis muaj daim npog tiv thaiv, kev phom sij yuav tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb thiab rhuav tshem txhua yam hauv lub neej.

Allotropic modifications ntawm oxygen thiab leej faj

Cov tshuaj O (Oxygenium) thiab S (Sulfur) muaj nyob rau tib pab pawg ntawm cov lus qhia, lawv yog cov ua los ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv allotropic. Ntawm cov lwg me me uas muaj ntau hom phosphoras (2, 4, 6, 8) nyob rau hauv cov xeeb ceem, feem ntau ruaj khov yog S8, zoo li lub kaum tsev. Cov rhombic thiab monoclinic leej faj yog tsim los ntawm tej lub 8-atom molecules.

Nyob rau ntawm lub ntsuas kub ntawm 119 ° C, daim duab daj daj ua cov xim av, xim khov, hloov kho yas. Txoj kev tshawb xyuas ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hnoos thiab cov pa oxygen yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua si.

Oxidising cov khoom ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv yog siv rau ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas. Ozone yog siv los tua cov cua thiab dej. Tab sis thaum muaj ntau tshaj 0.16 mg / m3, qhov roj no yog txaus ntshai rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Molecular oxygen yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua pa, nws yog siv hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj. Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag cov kev ua ub ua si ib allotrope ntawm carbon (pob zeb diamond, graphite), phosphorus (dawb, liab) thiab lwm yam tshuaj hais.