Pib luam nyob rau hauv Russia

Pib luam nyob rau hauv Russia, lub hnub uas nyuam qhuav ua rau qhov kev kawm ntawm ntau sib cav tswv yim, yog feem ntau yog txuam nrog rau cov npe ntawm Ivan Fedorov thiab Petr Mstislavets tias nyob rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Tsar Ivan IV tsim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Kremlin tus thawj Lavxias teb sab printing tsev.

By lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe, printing tau ua heev commonplace: tom qab Johannes Gutenberg nyob rau hauv nruab nrab XV xyoo pua yees, yuav ua li cas koj yuav tsis sau dua tshiab rau hauv phau ntawv los ntawm txhais tes thiab sau lawv nyob rau tshwj xeeb cov cav tov, printing nyob rau hauv ntau loj European lub zos. Typography rau lub Europeans yog tseem ceeb heev: lub socio-economic kev loj hlob ua ke nrog scientific thiab hauj kev kawm yuav tau tsuas tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau hais qhov yuav tsum tau rau cia thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Typography nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ob peb lwm yam yuav tsum ua. Ntawm no printings twb tsim nyog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ideologically ntxiv dag zog rau puas tau-ua hwj chim ntawm tus autocrat thiab lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Qhov ntawd yog loj zus tau tej cov phau ntawv kev cai dab qhuas orientation, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim hais Ivana Groznogo, tsis yog tsuas yog los koom ua tag nrho cov tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv, tau tshem ntawm lub dhau los tshwm heretical taw, tab sis kuj yuav tsim cov kev tsim nyog ideological hauv paus rau lub tso ntawm Russia raws li ib tug muaj hwj huam loj.

Pib luam nyob rau hauv Russia seb puas tsimnyog tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov lus nug. Firstly, lub keeb kwm hais txog Ivan Fedorov thiab cov thawj printing yog heev tsis meej thiab vague. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm Ivana Groznogo hais nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov pib uas muaj zus tau tej cov phau ntawv cov neeg zoo li Marusha Nefed'ev thiab Vasyuk Nikiforov, cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas yog tsis tam sim no. Basic cov ntaub ntawv ncaj qha txog Ivan Fedorov thiab Peter Mstislavets muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub XVII xyoo pua twb.

Ob, yog hais tias tus printing xovxwm nyob rau hauv Russia yog feem ntau yog txuam nrog qhov kev tso tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1564 rau hauv phau ntawv "Tus Thwj Tim", nws yog tseem nyob rau ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm view ntawm historians tau txais cov phau ntawv, uas, raws li qhia los ntawm ntxiv kev soj ntsuam, tau sau nyob rau hauv Moscow ua ntej hnub ntawd. Zaum tau kom deb li deb pom tias xya xws phau ntawv, peb lub Plaub phau Vajluskub, Nkauj, thiab ob tug ob-Lenten Triodion.

Peb, hais tias ib tug ntau yam txog hais tias ua ntej Fedorov nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab lwm lub zos ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm lub monasteries, uas tau npaj los ua ib tug sau khw sau kev cai dab qhuas cov phau ntawv muaj. Nyob rau hauv no tsab ntawv los ntawm lawv nws yog loj txaus, txawm hais tias qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yoojyim npaum li cas yuav tsum tau kawm.

Raws li cov hauj lwm yav dhau los, thaum pib ntawm printing nyob rau hauv Russia vim tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj uas Ivan Grozny nyob rau hauv nrog cov Metropolitan Macarius muab Ivan Fedorov. Kom txaus siab no yuam pib xeem lub Plaub Hlis 19, 1563, thiab tsuas yog tom qab yuav luag ib xyoo, Lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1564, lawv luam tawm thawj "Apostle". Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm phau ntawv no nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas superior rau lawv txawv teb chaws counterparts, tab sis lub kev lawm tsis tshua muaj neeg txwv. Ib xyoo tom qab, Fedorov thiab Mstislavets luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow "Breviary", tom qab uas lawv raug yuam kom khiav tawm nyob rau hauv Rzeczpospolita, uas tsim ib tug tshiab printing xovxwm thiab ua tus thawj sau "ABC."

Tom qab Fedorov tshuav Moscow, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab capital txuas ntxiv Nikifor Tarasievym thiab Andronicus, uas tso tawm "Phau Ntawv Nkauj" nyob rau hauv 1568. Txawm tias tam sim no tshwm sim ib tug hluav taws uas tag pov tseg rau hauv lub printing tsev, muaj phau ntawv ntau lawm txheej txheem yuav tsis tau nres. Russia twb tsiv tshee rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Enlightenment.

Pib luam nyob rau hauv Russia, txawm tag nrho cov pov thawj rau hnub tim sib cav tswv yim thiab sib txawv txhais, nws tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb milestone nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Tsim ib tug Moscow printing rau industrial zus tau tej cov phau ntawv hais txog cov loj loj pej xeem txaus siab nyob rau hauv literate neeg thiab tsim lub preconditions rau lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws.