Tus thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia - Ivan IV, nicknamed "txaus ntshai"

Tus thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia tsis yog yug nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv Kolomna. Thaum lub sij hawm, Moscow yog me me, thiab Russia heev me me. Txawm li cas los, cov muaj koob muaj npe me nyuam mos liab twb kom meej meej cim thiab ua raws li Vajtswv. Nws tseem yog menyuam yaus twb ywm tsis tshwm sim. Cov neeg saib xyuas peb lub xyoo ntawm tus huab tais - lub princes cov kwv tij Shuiskys - tsim nyob rau hauv lub palace ntawm ib tug reign of xav tias tsam lawv hais tias txhua txhua hmo kuv yuav tsum tau ua Vajtswv tsaug uas nws yog ciaj sia: tsis poisoned, raws li ib tug leej niam, tsis tau tua raws li tus tij laug hlob, tsis rot nyob rau hauv lub tsev kaw neeg, zoo li kuv txiv ntxawm, tsis yog tsim txom tsim txom yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam approximate txiv - tub huabtais Vasily III.

Tawm tsam tag nrho txawv thawj Tsar nyob rau hauv Russia tau dim! Thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16, ib tug npaj txhij txog tshuab rau dee ntawm lub knights yog sib yuav mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj! Muaj tseeb, hais lub historians, nws yog pom tias ntse Tsam Macarius. Tab sis tej zaum nws yuav zoo yog hais tias nws pom tau hais tias lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau ib tug muaj zog txhais tes kom txhob infighting thiab increment lub chaw uas zoo heev. Lub triumph ntawm autocracy - ib tug ua koob tsheej ntawm lub Orthodox txoj kev ntseeg, Moscow - lub successor ntawm Constantinople. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug tsam kab tshoob yog nyob ze thiab meej. Tus thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia muab tawm muaj tseeb: thiab lub boyars rein, thiab ntau zog nws lub teb chaws rau lub 50 xyoo ntawm reign - ib puas feem pua ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev muaj ntau zog, thiab Russia tau ua ntau tshaj li tag nrho ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

muaj koob muaj npe title

Muaj koob muaj npe title Ivan (qhov txaus ntshai) siv brilliantly sawv rau txawv heev txaus nyob rau hauv European kev nom kev tswv. Grand title yog txhais raws li "None" los yog "duke", thiab txawm tus huab tais - yog huab tais!

Tom qab lub coronation ntawm tus huab tais txoj kev txheeb ze los ntawm leej niam tau tiav ntau yam kev pab, ua rau ib lub uprising uas tsom hluas John, qhov tiag qhov teeb meem no hais txog nws reign. Autocracy - yog tshiab, arduous, uas Ivan tswj ntau tshaj kev vam meej.

kho kom zoo

Kuv xav yog vim li cas cov thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia - John Qhov thib plaub? Qhov twg puas tau qhov no daim duab? Thiab nws yog twb ntau ntau tom qab Karamzin sau tau nws "Keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev" thiab pib lub countdown rau Ivan Kalita. Thiab thaum lub neej thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia thiab twb hu ua - John kuv, diploma pom lub zwm txwv twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kub lub hleb-ark, thiab zaum tus thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia no rau hauv no rooj huas tias.

Tus huab tais xav txog centralisation ntawm lub xeev, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv uas nyob deb nroog thiab labial kho hloov cov tub rog, coj ib tug tshiab Code ntawm txoj cai lij choj thiab cov Code of Service, convened thawj los ua ke ntawm cov av thiab tsim ib txoj cai banning lub nkag teb chaws ntawm cov neeg Yudais tub txawj tub ntse. Muaj yog ib tug tshiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab nrog ib tug dav dawb hau, raws li Ivan Grozny - ib tug ncaj qha xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Rurik. Thiab tsis tsuas yog lawv: nyob rau niam sab ntawm nws nqaim-minded txwv zeej txwv koob - kuv niam, kuv pog thiab txawm kuv tus kheej - qhov Sofya Paleolog, lub heiress ntawm lub Byzantine emperors. Muaj ib tug yuav ntse, zoo siab, tsis ua hauj lwm. Thiab tsausmuag, dhau lawm, muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev phem heev yuav tau tsis yooj yim sua lub transformations kom meej meej ua nws cov thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub transformation ntawm cov tub rog - ib tug ob peb lo lus, thiab ntau npaum li cas yog rau lawv! Nyob 25000th pab tub rog strelets, uas tau tsuas yog rau equip lawv nrog cov musket, hammers thiab swords, tsim kua muag thiab los ntawm ua liaj ua teb! Txawm li cas los, nraus los ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag maj archers. Muaj artillery tooj tsis tsawg tshaj li 2 txhiab phom. Ivan qhov txaus ntshai txawm dared hloov lub taxation ntawm tus poj yws yws ua ntawm lub Boyar Duma. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis yog ua nom ua tswv yws txog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv ntxiv lawm. Lawv tuav lub monarchy mus xws li ib twg uas yuam cov tsos ntawm cov oprichnina. Lub guardsmen tsim ib pab tub rog mus txog rau 6 txhiab tus txiv neej, tsis suav ze li ntawm ib txhiab ntseeg rau tshwj xeeb ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv cov leeg cov ntshav khiav, thaum koj nyeem txog kev tsim txom thiab executions uas ua tau nrog ib tug yoj ntawm lub tes ntawm cov sovereign. Tab sis tsis tau tsuas yog Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, txawm hnub no, historians ntseeg hais tias tus oprichnina yog tsis yuam thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev kos. Boyars tau rein! Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, creeping los ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm heresy li tuav cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus Orthodox txoj kev ntseeg, hais tias lub zwm txwv tottered nrog zaum rau nws, thiab tus huab tais ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab xeev. Tsis meej xwm kev sib raug zoo hloov zuj zuj los ntawm cov autocracy thiab cov txiv plig. Ua ntej mysticism believer huab tais robbed monastery pawg neeg thaj av thiab raug tsuj txiv plig. Tsam twb txwv tsis pub mus rau hauv lub lag luam thiab zemshchina oprichnina. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus huab tais oprichnina Ivan yog Abbot, ua ntau monastic cov hauj lwm, txawm lub hu nkauj ua ke hu nkauj.

Novgorod thiab Kazan

Ua ntej lub xyoo tshiab 1570 oprichnina pab tub rog tsiv mus rau hauv lub phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau Novgorod rau lub sijhawm twg los ntawm txhob txwm ua kom coj Russia mus rau lub Polish huab tais. Oh, lub yeeb koob ntawm lub guardsmen rau amuse. Staged looting tua neeg pov tseg nyob rau hauv Tver, Klin, Torzhok thiab tshuav free lub zos, tom qab rhuav tshem cov Pskov thiab Novgorod. Thiab nyob rau hauv Tver Malyuta Skuratov twb strangled Tsam Philip ntawm cov koob hmoov ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm no ntshav phiaj los nqis tes. Thoob plaws hauv lub huab tais ntawm lub hauv paus rhuav tshem cov nom tswv cajceg zos thiab lub clerks, peb yuav hais targeted, nrog rau lawv cov poj niam, cov me nyuam thiab tsev neeg. Qhov no tub sab tub nyiag ntawd kub ntev li rau lub xyoo kom txog rau thaum nws poob rau Russia Crimean Khan Giray Divlet. Qhov ntawd yog qhov chaw uas tus yeeb yam kom tshem tawm cov cov tub ntxhais oprichnina pab tub rog! Tab sis cov tub rog ntawm lub tsov ua rog yog tsuas yog tsis. Guardsmen puas, tub nkeeg. Nrog rau cov Tartars - qhov no yog tsis yog tus boyars thiab lawv cov me nyuam sib ntaus sib tua. Tsov rog twb poob lawm.

Thiab ces npau taws Ivan! Glare tsiv mus rau Kazan los ntawm Novgorod. Ces muaj reigned ib dynasty Giray. Abolished lub sovereign Oprichnina txawm forbade nws lub npe, tseg ntau traitors thiab villains, peb tau mus rau Kazan. Qhov thib peb lub sij hawm Kazan surrendered ntawm kev txiav txim, thiab tom qab ib tug thaum ua ib tug heev Lavxias teb sab nroog. Tsis tas li ntawd los ntawm Moscow rau Kazan nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntiaj teb hlua fortress Lavxias teb sab. Nws twb yeej thiab cov Astrakhan Khanate, pub ntxiv tshaj lub Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av. Crimean Khan, dhau lawm, nyob rau hauv lub kawg perepalo: ntau npaum li cas koj yuav nrog impunity rau plunder Russia thiab hlawv nws lub nroog zoo nkauj? Nyob rau hauv 1572, lub 120,000th Crimean pab tub rog twb tawg 20000th Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Qhov nce nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw ua tsov ua rog thiab diplomacy

Ces muaj tau ho raug ntaus lub Swedes rog Novgorod pab tub rog, thiab xaus lus ib qho kev zoo kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm ntau li ntau 40 xyoo. Xav thawj tug vajntxwv los Rus Baltic tiv thaiv nrog Livonians, Tug, Lithuanian, tej zaum txawm spectacular Novgorod suburbs, thiab kom deb li deb (li lwm zoo Thawj huab tais - Peter) twb hai cov me nyuam. Tab sis txawv teb chaws ntshai tsis yog tus cuav xwm. Txawm tsim diplomacy thiab lag luam nrog hais. Thiab tus huab tais pib mus xav seb lub Siberian av, unexplored. Tab sis ceev faj. Zoo, uas Ermak Timofeevich nrog nws Cossacks tswj kom defeat cov tub rog ntawm Khan Kuchum kom txog rau thaum tus huab tais txoj kev thiaj li yuav rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws tiv thaiv Perm, Russia li rooted Siberia. Thiab tom qab ib nrab ib xyoo pua ntawm Lavxias teb sab tuaj mus rau lub hiav txwv Pacific.

cwm pwm

Tus thawj huab tais nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsis tsuas yog thawj tug huab tais tab sis kuj cov thawj neeg nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntse, erudition thiab nyiaj pub dawb.

Hais txog lub tsev qiv ntawv Ivana Groznogo tseem tsis zuj zus lawm tso lus dab neeg. Kawn txog kev ntseeg nws paub ntawm pundits. Nws tau tso lub hauv paus rau jurisprudence. Nws yog tus neeg sau ntawm ntau zoo stichera thiab cov tsiaj ntawv (a kws sau paj lug!). Kuv yuam kom cov txiv plig mus qhib thoob plaws hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv rau qhia cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv, sau ntawv. Nws pom zoo polyphonic hu nkauj thiab qhib ib tug tsi ntawm conservatory nyob rau hauv lub Alexander kev sib hais haum. Nws yog ib qho zoo heev orator. Ib tug printing xovxwm? Thiab St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo rau liab Square? Cov lo lus nug sawv txog lub Canonization ntawm Ivan. Tab sis tsis nco qab lub looting, tsim txom, executions, disgrace thiab tua neeg tsuas yog lub oprichnina thiab cov followers ntawm lub Orthodox txiv plig? Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub oprichnina, raws li xws li, nws tsis yog lawm, cia li cas los ua lub npe hu. King hloov siab lees txim, hnav chains, nplawm nws tus kheej. Lossis loj nyiaj ntawm cov nyiaj pub nyob rau hauv remembrance ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg tua rau lub noj qab haus huv ntawm lub disgraced. Nws tuag Schemamonk.