Library Ivana Groznogo thiab lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib

Tej zaum ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau fascinating mysteries ntawm lub XVI xyoo pua (thiab keeb kwm nyob rau hauv general) yuav rightly yuav hu ua Liberia - lub tsev qiv ntawv Ivana Groznogo. Ua kom tiav nws cov ntsiab lus, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov chaw nyob yog tseem tsis paub hais tias. Tab sis keeb kwm qhia txog txoj kev nco cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ancient cov phau ntawv thiab papyrus phau, uas nyiam rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawd. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thiab philosophers ntawm lub sij hawm, ib lub tsev qiv Ivana Groznogo, raws li ntau qhov chaw, muaj cov phau ntawv ntawm lub Kazan Khan, Islamic thaud, priceless tomes uas qhia txog cov keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb thiab tib neeg kev vam meej. Tsis tas li ntawd xam tau tias yog poob keeb kwm tej hauj lwm Yuliya Tsezarya, heliotrope, Aristophanes, Cicero, Virgil, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tsev qiv ntawv mus rau Ivan IV ntawm nws yawg, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Moscow Ivan III, thiab hais tias tus huab tais yog tas li tshiab nrog nws. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm peb paub ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai raws li ib tug txiv neej ntawm lim hiam thiab tyrannical, tab sis ob peb hais tias nws twb tseem heev kev txawj ntse thiab paub qab hau. Tej zaum yog li nws cov tsev qiv ntawv yog zoo li no ib qho nyiaj paj.

Keeb kwm ntawm Liberia

Nyob rau hauv 1464 tuag tus poj niam ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke of Moscow Ivan III, nyob rau hauv 1472, nws yog sib yuav mus rau ib tug tib neeg xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Byzantine emperors, Sofey Paleolog. Hais tias nws tau coj tuaj rau Moscow raws li nws tus nqi taub hau legendary Liberia tau nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm raws li lub tsev qiv ntawv Ivana Groznogo. Keeb nws tau koom rau cov Byzantine emperors, qhov kawg ntawm uas yog Constantine XI. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Byzantine Empire, ib tug sau ntawm cov phau ntawv raug thauj mus rau Ltalis tus tij laug Constantine thiab leej txiv ntawm Sophia Fomoy Paleologom.

Qhov twg yog yuav ua tau ib lub tsev qiv Ivana Groznogo, tsis muaj leej twg paub. Muaj tsuas yog kev xav ntawm uas zaum, archaeologists thiab tsuas nrhiav ntxiv mus nrhiav. Raws li ib co versions ntawm lub caches ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab phau tau txhais tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv Aleksandrov, Vologda, thiab Moscow Kremlin. Tej zaum txawm ntau xyoo yuav dhau ua ntej peb yuav muaj mus rau lub mysteries ntawm antiquity, sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv. Tab sis, yog hais tias koj tseem nrhiav tau Liberia, nws yuav ua tau ib tug tiag tiag priceless khoom plig rau peb thiab rau yav tom ntej tiam.

Cov cwm pwm Ivana Groznogo

Tham txog lub npe nrov muaj koob muaj npe sau ntawm cov phau ntawv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis los tham txog qhov heev neeg ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke ntawm Moscow thiab Tag nrho Russia.

Ivan qhov txaus ntshai (1530-1584) mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li tus yau huab tais. Thaum nws tuag lawm, Vasily III ntawm, leej txiv ntawm yav tom ntej Grand Duke Ivan IV tsuas yog 3 xyoo. Tab sis khaum uas poob rau tus huab tais feem ntawm tus me nyuam, qhov no yog tsuas yog pib. tom qab nws tus txiv tuag Ivan niam tsib xyoo tom qab ntawd, thiab lub reign ntawm lub hwj chim, raws li zoo raws li tus me nyuam ntawm ib tug me nyuam huab tais, mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov boyars. Yog li ntawd thaum ib lub sij hawm kuv kom Vasily III ntawm, tsis paub qhov twg nws yuav coj. Ib zaug nyob rau lub hwj chim, lub boyars twb nyob rau hauv tsis tsuag tsuag mus koom nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais huab tais. Ivan Ros raws li ib tug txoj kev kas, menyuam li cas debauchery thiab lawlessness tsim nobles, heev thaum ntxov los ua ib tug neeg laus thiab pib to taub npaum li cas nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog. Tej zaum ib txhia ntawm qhov no yog qhov ua rau ntawm tus huab tais txoj kev siab phem tus cwj pwm zoo.

Lub era Ivana Groznogo - ib qho ntawm feem mysterious, exciting thiab tu siab heev nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Thaum lub sij hawm nws reign, muaj ntau yam kho. Nyob rau hauv 1549 lub creation ntawm ib tug tib xeev tswj - qhov kev txiav txim, uas twb mus los ntawm tus kws txiav txim mandative; 1556 tau tso tseg "pub"; nyob rau hauv lub 1550-1556 biennium. tsim strelets pab tub rog thiab txais kev cai kav lub tsim ntawm cov tub rog; 1566 saws "Lub Code of Service" los ntawm uas nws ua raws li uas ua hauj lwm hauv cov tub rog yuav tsum tshaj 15 xyoo. Cov yav tas yog tseem txiav txim los ntawm qhov luaj li cas thiab tus naj npawb ntawm Estates Warriors raws li ib tug nqi rau cov kev pab cuam.

Los ntawm cov foregoing nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau ua qhov xaus muaj meej. Txawm zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev qhia txog ntawm lub sij hawm uas discordant. Yog huab tais siab phem tyrant los yog raws li Karamzin sau, "... ib tug tub ntsuag los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xeev ..." txhua leej txhua tus txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej.