Khan Giray: biography. dynasty Giray

Giray Dynasty ze li ntawm 350 xyoo ntawm txoj cai los ntawm lub Crimean Khanate. Nws tsom lub ntiaj teb no ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg nto moo, ib txhia ntawm cov neeg uas twb eminent statesmen, thiab lwm tus tau pom lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm science thiab kab lis kev cai. Cov yav tas muaj xws li hom zoo-paub kos duab historian thiab ethnographer Sultan Khan Giray. Cov biography ntawm tus txiv neej no, thiab zaj dab neeg Giray dynasty raws li ib tug tag nrho yuav tsum yog qhov kev kawm ntawm peb cov kev sib tham.

Biography Khan Giray

Sultan Khan Giray yug nyob rau hauv 1808 nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog tam sim no Adygeya. Nws yog tus thib peb yog tus tub ntawm Crimean Tatar nobleman, tuaj los ntawm cov Khan tus zoo - Mehmeda Han Giray. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws cov leeg ntws lub Sultan thiab Circassian ntshav. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo ntawm cov ob haiv neeg yog intertwined nyob rau hauv nws.

Tom qab kho kom sawvdaws xeeb 29 xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev tsov kev rog Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, thaum muaj cov nyob qib tub ceev xwm thiab commanding ib daim division. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Caucasian tsov ua rog, thaum rhuav nws lub tsev, kuv tsis koom, tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, lub tragic teeb meem hais tias nyob rau hauv nws lub siab.

Khan Giray sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm hauv ethnography, lus dab neeg thiab kos duab keeb kwm ntawm lub Circassian neeg, uas tau txais thoob ntiaj teb koob meej. "Sau ntawv txog Circassia" thiab "Circassian kev lig kev cai" ntawm lawv. Nws kuj - tus neeg sau ntawm ob peb tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. Khan Giray kuj hu ua tus originator ntawm cov Adyghe niam ntawv.

Txij li thaum 1841 nws tau tau nquag campaigning ntawm cov Highlanders (sawv cev ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv) rau lub hom phiaj ntawm reconciliation. Txawm li cas los, nws siv zog tas nyob rau hauv vain. Giray Khan tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 34 xyoo, nyob rau hauv 1842, rau nws lub teb chaws.

Qhov no txawv tshaj plaw txiv neej tshuav ib tug tub - Sultan Murat Giray, uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo uas nws txiv tuag. Tab sis tus pab ntawm Sultan Khan Giray nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Adyghe kab lis kev cai thiab tej ntaub ntawv - nuj nqi heev.

Raws li ib tug version, nws yog nyob rau hauv nws yawm Crimean Tatars xav rename nyob rau hauv Khan Giray Kherson.

Cia peb kawm saib seb leej twg yog tus poj koob yawm txwv xws ib tug zoo heev cwm pwm.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub dynasty

Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub dynasty, rulers ntawm lub Crimea yog Haji Giray. Nws tuaj ntawm ib yam ntawm cov Tukatimuridov - ib tug ntawm cov ceg ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Genghis Khan. Raws li lwm version, cov hauv paus hniav Giray dynasty los ntawm lub Mongol zoo Kireev, tab sis mus rau Genghisides tau muab xwb tom qab mus nrhiav pov thawj lawv txoj cai los kav.

Haji Giray yug txog 1397 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Belarus, thaum hais txog cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania (GDL).

Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, Zolotaya Orda twb mus los ntawm ib qho nyuaj lub sij hawm, yog ua tau phua rau hauv ob peb ywj siab lub xeev. Hwj Chim ntawm lub Crimea, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub Lithuanian Grand Duke yog tau nyob rau hauv 1441 mus ntes Haji Giray. Yog li, nws tau los ua tus tsim ntawm lub dynasty, uas kav nyob rau hauv lub Crimea yuav luag 350 xyoo.

Thaum lub qhov chaw ntawm lub hwj chim

Mengli Giray - Khan, uas nteg lub lub hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub Crimean Khanate. Nws yog tus tub ntawm Haji Giray, tom qab uas nws tuag (nyob rau hauv 1466) ib tug nriaj rau lub hwj chim ntawm cov me nyuam.

Chiv Khan yog tus hlob tus tub ntawm Haji Giray - Nur Devlet. Tab sis Mengli Giray txiav txim siab los txhawb cov kev cai lij choj. Ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawm no lub internecine nriaj nyob rau hauv lub Crimean Khanate hloov tus kav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Yog hais tias Nur Devlet nyob rau hauv nws cov neeg pab leg ntaubntawv tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog ntawm lub Golden Horde thiab lub Ottoman Empire, cov Mengli thawj koom ruam nyob rau lub zos Crimean paub. Tom qab ntawd tuaj koom qhov kev sib ntaus ib tug ntau tus kwv tij - Eider. Nyob rau hauv 1477 nws muaj kev tswj los mus txeeb lub zwm txwv Janibekov uas tsis yog lub Giray dynasty.

Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1478 Mengli Giray yuav thaum kawg defeat lawv rivals thiab nce ib foothold nyob rau hauv hwj chim. Nws yog nws leej twg muab lub hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub Crimean Khanate. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam lwm tus sib tw, nws yuav tsum tau lees nws vassal lub xeev ntawm cov Ottoman Empire, thiab muab sab qab teb ntawm Crimea, uas colonized nws cov phoojywg - lub Genoese, nyob rau hauv ncaj qha tswj ntawm lub Turks.

Crimean Khan Giray Mengli ib tug alliance nrog Moscow tiv thaiv cov Great Horde (lub successor mus rau lub Golden Horde), thiab Lithuania. Nyob rau hauv 1482 nws pab tub rog devastated Kiev, uas thaum lub sij hawm sawv daws khoom ib mus ON. Thaum nws nqa tawm loj Crimean Tatars predatory raids nyob rau pawg neeg thaj av ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev ua raws cai nrog Moscow Treaty. Nyob rau hauv 1502 Mengli Giray thaum kawg puas tsuaj lawm feem ntau Horde.

Tuag Mengli Giray nyob rau hauv 1515.

Ntxiv strengthening ntawm lub Khan lub hwj chim

Ntxiv ntxiv dag zog rau lub State Mehmed Giray - Khan, uas kav tom qab kev tuag Mengli Giray thiab los rau nws tus tub. Tsis zoo li nws tus txiv, nws yog ib tug tub hluas npaj los ua ib tug kav nrog lub title - kalga, uas corresponded rau cov nyob qib ntawm crown None. Mehmed Giray coj ntau campaigns thiab raids ncaav Mengli Giray.

By lub sij hawm ntawm nws accession mus rau lub rooj huas tias nws tau muaj nyob rau hauv nws ob txhais tes tag nrho cov threads ntawm tsoom fwv, yog li ntawd lub me nyuam ntawm nws cov kwv tij mus revolt twb ibtxhi mus tsis ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1519 Krymskoe Hanstvo tau nce ho txij li thaum tsiv mus rau hauv nws ib ncig ntawm lub Nogai Horde. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov Nogai yeej Kazakhs, thiab thiaj li yuav tsum tau nug rau lub vaj tse nyob Mehmed Giray.

Thaum Mehmed yog ib tug kev hloov ntawm txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm lub Crimean Khanate. Tom qab lub Great Horde twb tua yeej los ntawm nws tus txiv, qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug alliance nrog Moscow nqi zog zoo, yog li Mehmed Giray Khan ua ib tug alliance nrog Lithuania tiv thaiv Russia. Thaum nws nyob rau hauv 1521 cov thawj loj phiaj los nqis tes ntawm lub Crimean Tatars nyob rau hauv Moscow nqi zog yog ncaav tau.

Mehmed Giray tswj kom muab tso rau hauv lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Kazan Khanate ntawm nws tus tij laug - Sahib Giray, li no extending nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv lub Middle Volga cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv 1522, nws captures lub Astrakhan Khanate. Yog li, Mehmed Giray tau muaj kev tswj kom kov yeej ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov qub Golden Horde.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv Astrakhan, lub Khan li ces thiaj li qaug cawv nrog nws lub hwj chim uas yaj cov tub rog, koj yuav tau siv cov tsis ntseeg, uas tau tsa ib conspiracy tiv thaiv Mehmed Giray thiab tua nws nyob rau hauv 1523.

Lub sab saum toj ntawm lub hwj chim

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1523 los ntawm 1551 qho kav cov kwvtij thiab cov tub Mehmed Giray. Lub sij hawm no yog quaj tawv heev ntse nriaj nyob rau hauv lub Crimean Khanate. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1551 nws tuaj rau lub hwj chim, Devlet Giray - tus tub ntawm Mubarak, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tus tub ntawm Mengli Giray. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nws reign, Krymskoe Hanstvo mus txog cov ncov lub hwj chim.

Devlet Giray - lub Crimean Khan, uas yog tshwj xeeb yog nto moo raids nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev. Nws phiaj los nqis tes culminated nyob rau hauv 1571, txawm lub burning ntawm Moscow.

Devlet Giray yog nyob rau hauv hwj chim 26 xyoo thiab tuag nyob rau hauv 1577.

Lub weakening ntawm lub Khanate

Yog hais tias tus tub ntawm Devlet Giray Mehmed II tseem muaj kev tswj kom lub hwj chim ntawm lub Crimean Khanate, ces tus nqi ntawm nws successors Tatar lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb arena tau poob ho. Mehmed II nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv 1584, twb overthrown los ntawm cov Turkish sultan, tab sis es tsis txhob cog tus tij laug Islyam Giray. Ua raws li cov Crimean khans muaj me ntsis notable rulers, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv tau ua heev heev.

Nyob rau hauv 1648, lub arena ntawm loj nom kev tswv, sim mus Islyam Giray III, ib tug alliance nrog lub Zaporozhye Cossacks nyob rau hauv lub liberation tsov rog tawm tsam lub tebchaws no. Tab sis qhov no alliance sai poob sib nrug heev thiab Hetman tsiv mus rau ib tug pej xeem lub Lavxias teb sab Tsar.

Qhov kawg kav

Qhov kawg kav lub Crimean Khanate nyob Khan Shahin Giray. Txawm thaum lub sij hawm reign ntawm nws predecessor, Devlet Giray IV ntawm, nyob rau hauv 1774, Krymskoe Hanstvo tau ywj siab los ntawm cov Ottoman Empire thiab muaj leej twg paub lub protectorate ntawm Russia. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tej yam kev mob ntawm lub Kuchuk Kaynarca ntiaj teb no, ua kom tiav lwm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog.

Crimean Khan Shahin Giray tuaj rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv 1777 raws li cov protégé ntawm Russia. Nws tau raug tsa rau lub zwm txwv tsis pro-Turkish Devlet Giray IV. Txawm li cas los, txawm backed los ntawm Lavxias teb sab caj npab, nws zaum dim de rau lub zwm txwv. Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv 1782 nws deposed los ntawm lub zwm txwv ntawm nws tus tij laug Bahadir Giray, uas tuaj rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv ib tug yoj ntawm nrov uprising. Nrog kev pab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog Shahin Giray tswj kom rov qab zwm txwv, tab sis txuas ntxiv nws reign yog ib tug ntawv tseeb, vim hais tias cov lub hwj chim nws tsis muaj.

Nyob rau hauv 1783, qhov no muaj tseeb raug tshem tawm. Shahin Giray kos npe nws abdication, thiab cov Crimean Khanate twb annexed lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Yog li twb lub reign Giray nyob rau hauv Crimea. Board ntawv pov thawj Shagina tau tam sim no pab tsuas yog npib Giray Khan, uas nws cov duab yuav pom saum toj no.

Shahin Giray tom qab lub abdication nyob thawj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, tab sis, ces tsiv mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv, qhov twg nyob rau hauv 1787 thaum nws raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Sultan.

Giray dynasty tom qab fais fab tsis

Sultan Khan Giray - tsis yog hom ntawm tus neeg sawv cev uas ua lug paub tom qab tsi ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub dynasty tshaj lub Crimea. Nto moo yog nws cov kwv tij - Sultan Adil Giray thiab Sagat Sultan Giray, uas ua nto moo nyob rau hauv cov tub rog teb rau cov kev pab ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman.

Great-tub ntawm lub Khan-Giray Giray Sultan Davlet adygskogo los ua tus tsim ntawm lub ua yeeb yam. Tij Laug ntawm lub yav tas, Suta Crimea Giray, yog tus tswj ntawm lub Committee ntawm lub cavalry Division. Ob leeg raug tua nyob rau hauv 1918 los ntawm cov Bolsheviks.

Tam sim no, lub npe ntawm lub Crimean Khan nominally thov Dzhezzar Pamir Giray, uas nyob rau hauv London.

Lub ntsiab lus Gireev zoo nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb

Rhode Gireev tshuav ib qho imprint rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Crimea, thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no raws li ib tug tag nrho. Lub npe ntawm no dynasty yog yuav luag inextricably txuas lub hav zoov ntawm cov Crimean Khanate - lub xeev, uas nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm ua si ib tug uas luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe.

Gireev nco thiab tam sim no tiam ntawm lub Crimean Tatars, tham no zoo nrog lub glorious lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws. Tsis muaj zem lawv teeb ib teg num rau rename Khan Giray Kherson.