Tsim, Science
Piv txwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum. hom teeb meem
Ib tug heev ib feem ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no yog cov kev teeb meem nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov ntau haiv neeg. Piv txwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum peb tau raws li qhov txhia chaw, pib nrog me me quarrels thiab xaus thoob ntiaj teb confrontation. Ib tug rau txim ntawm ib tug ntawm cov confrontations - Islamic fundamentalism - yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv lub scale ntawm ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb no txoj kev loj teeb meem, uas ciam teb rau lwm nrog cov kev hem thawj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog III.
Lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem
Feem ntau nyob rau hauv scientific kev txawj ntse yog pom tau hais tias muaj ob tug le caag los qhov ntawm qhov teeb meem (Antsupov AY). Tus thawj txhais muaj teeb meem raws li ib tug clash ntawm ob tog, kev xav los yog rog; thib ob - raws li kev sib tsoo rov qab txaus qhia, cov hom phiaj, kev txaus siab thiab kev xav kev kawm sis raug zoo. Yog li, nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv xam tau tias yog cov piv txwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum wider qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si animate thiab tswg xwm. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug teeb meem plurilateral pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg. Yog li tej teeb meem muaj xws li tej yam kab sis ntawm kev kawm (los yog ib pawg ntawm cov kev kawm) uas tsim mus rau hauv kev thaiv kev.
Qauv thiab tseem ntawm qhov teeb meem
Qhov tus tsim ntawm qhov teeb meem paradigm nyob rau hauv general humanities xam tau tias yog L. Coser. Ib tug ntawm qhov zoo ntawm nws kev tshawb xav yog tus paub hais tias muaj cov piv txwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum ntawm zoo haumxeeb nqi. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Coser sib cav hais tias qhov teeb meem yog tsis ib txwm ib tug puas phenomenon - muaj mob qhov twg nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb rau lub creation ntawm Internal mus ntawm ib tug system, los yog rau tus txij nkawm ntawm kev cohesion.
Qauv teeb meem daim ntawv koom (tw tawm tsam sab), thiab lawv ua, ib tug kawm mob / qhov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem (piv txwv li - crush nyob rau hauv pej xeem thauj), thiab nws tshwm sim. Cov kev kawm ntawm qhov teeb meem yog feem ntau zoo txuas rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg uas koom nrog, thiab rau lub siab uas yog ib tug nriaj. Collectively lawv yuav yuav grouped rau hauv peb loj pawg: lub cev, kev sib raug zoo (raws li txoj cai-luag hauj lwm) thiab sab ntsuj plig. Dissatisfaction nrog ib tug los yog lwm yam tseem ceeb rau tus neeg (s) yuav tsum tau muaj peev xwm yuav pom raws li cov ua tej teeb meem.
Piv txwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum typology
Yuav ua li cas NV Grishina sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub txhua hnub nco qab ntawm kev tsis sib haum piv txwv muaj xws li ib tug heev ntau yam ntawm cov txheej xwm - los ntawm armed teeb meem thiab confrontation ntawm tej yam kev pab pawg thiab mus txog rau txij nkawm tsis sib cav sib ceg. Nws tsis, seb nws yog ib tug sib cav tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub parliament, los yog tus tawm tsam ntawm koj tus kheej lub siab nyiam. Nyob rau hauv hnub no naukoznanii yuav nrhiav tau ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau classifications, uas tsis muaj tseeb ntau yam ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm "hom" thiab "hom" ntawm kev tsis sib haum. Piv txwv ntawm ob pab pawg feem ntau siv raws li txhais. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, nws yog zoo dua rau faib peb lub ntsiab yam mus rau lub typology ntawm kev tsis sib haum:
- hom kev tsis sib haum;
- hom kev tsis sib haum;
- ntaub ntawv ntawm cov teeb meem.
Tus thawj nam yog lub feem ntau ntau los ntim. Txhua yam tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb hom kev tsis sib haum, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm.
Hom thiab sib haum
Lub ntsiab yam ntawm kev tsis sib haum raws li nram no:
- intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
- lus (lus);
- intergroup;
- teeb meem ntawm cov neeg thiab cov pab pawg neeg.
Yog li, lub haum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog rau tej yam (neeg) ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv lem lus, intergroup tsis sib haum thiab tsis sib haum ntawm tus neeg thiab cov pab pawg neeg yog cov piv txwv ntawm kev sib raug zoo sib haum. Tus thawj kev teeb meem, nrog rau intrapersonal thiab zookonfliktom, singled tawm raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib hom ntawm German sociologist Georg Simmel. Nyob rau hauv ib co ntau tsis ntev los no cov tswv yim ntawm intrapersonal teeb meem nws yog tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm tus social, uas, li cas los xij, yog ib tug debatable point.
Ntawm cov loj ua ntawm kev sib raug teeb meem yog txais mus faib nyiaj txiag, sib txawv nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub qhov tseem ceeb thiab semantic ntsiab lus teb, txawv nyob rau hauv lub neej kev kawm txawj thiab tus cwj pwm, cov kev txwv ntawm tej nta ntawm tus tib neeg psyche, thiab lwm tus neeg.
intrapersonal teeb meem
Nws tiag subjectively tej misalignment ntawm tej yam tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub nco ntsoov ntawm tus neeg (kev soj ntsuam, cwj pwm, kev txaus siab thiab thiaj li nyob. D.), interacting nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob txoj kev (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib tug kev sib tsoo motivational tej formations, uas muaj peev xwm tsis txaus siab (pom tau hais) ib txhij. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg yuav tsis nyiam koj txoj hauj lwm, tab sis ntshai tawm vim hais tias ntawm lub zeem muag ntawm seem poob hauj lwm. Ib tug me nyuam tej zaum yuav raug ntxias mus yuav tsis mus kawm ntawm cov tub kawm thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntshai raug txim vim yog nws, thiab hais txog. D.
Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov no hom ntawm qhov teeb meem yuav ua tau li nram qab no hom (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):
- txug ( "Kuv xav tau" thiab "xav");
- teeb meem ntawm kev tsis txaus nws tus kheej-kheej ( "Kuv tau" thiab "tau");
- lub luag hauj lwm-ua si ( "yuav tsum" thiab "yuav tsum");
- teeb meem unfulfilled siab nyiam ( "Kuv xav tau" thiab "kuv");
- ncaj ncees ( "Kuv xav tau" thiab "yuav tsum");
- adaptation ( "yuav tsum", "tau").
Yog li, qhov no faib distinguishes peb lub ntsiab Cheebtsam cwm pwm qauv, sib tsoo nrog txhua lwm yam: "Kuv xav kom" (Kuv xav), "Kuv muaj" (nws yuav tsum tau) thiab "Kuv yog" (I). Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov tswvyim no nrog ib tug tej tus qauv, tsim los ntawm Sigmund Freud nyob rau hauv psychoanalysis, peb yuav soj ntsuam qhov teeb meem Eid (xav), Ego (I) thiab lub superego (tsim nyog). Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog advisable kom rov qab lub transactional tsom xam Erika Berna thiab faib lawv mus rau peb txoj haujlwm ntawm tus neeg: tus me nyuam (xav), cov neeg laus (kuv), niam txiv (nws yog tsim nyog).
lus tsis sib haum
Qhov no hom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis sib haum thiab tsis sib haum ntawm cov neeg. Ntawm cov nta nws yuav tau muab sau tseg hais tias nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug "no thiab tam sim no" yuav ua tau tag nrho ob qho hom phiaj thiab subjective yog vim li cas, raws li zoo, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yus muaj los ntawm siab xav muab kev koom tes. Interpersonal hom yuav kuj tau muab faib mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib hom ntawm kev tsis sib haum.
Piv txwv li, nyob ntawm seb lub specifics ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm subordination ntawm ob tog, lus tsis sib haum yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv "txoj kev" tsis sib haum, "kab rov tav" thiab "kab pheeb ces kaum". Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv peb yuav soj ntsuam nrog ib tug subordinate kev sib raug zoo, piv txwv li, lub taub hau ntawm - ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm, ib tug xib fwb - menyuam kawm ntawv. Qhov thib ob cov ntaub ntawv no tshwm sim thaum ob tog rau qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv vaj huam sib luag footing thiab yog tsis raug rau txhua tus lwm yam - .. Co-neeg ua hauj lwm, cov txij nkawm, bystanders, cov neeg nyob rau hauv kab, thiab lwm yam kab pheeb ces kaum sib haum yuav tshwm sim ntawm tw uas yog nyob rau hauv indirect subordination - nruab nrab ntawm thawj kev pab cuam thiab cov tub feem ntawm ib tug senior thiab junior thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv. (thaum koom nyob rau ntawm qib sib txawv txoj hauj lwm, tab sis subordinate respects tsis muaj nrog txhua lwm yam).
Interpersonal kev tsis sib haum yuav muaj xws li peb pom txhua txhua lub sij hawm muaj kev sib tsoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau lawm qauv ntawm hom xws li cov tsev neeg (muaj txij nkawm, niam txiv-me nyuam kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov kwv tij thiab cov muam), tsev, qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub koom haum (ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub koom haum muaj teeb meem ntawm nws cov chaw hauv desktop sis), thiab lwm tus neeg.
intergroup teeb meem
Rau intergroup teeb meem yog txais mus rau lub kev sib tsoo ntawm ib tug neeg neeg ntawm txawv kev pab pawg (loj, me me thiab medium-qhov loj qhov me), raws li zoo raws li nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pab pawg raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tseem tau mus faib tib yam daim ntawv raws li qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub koom haum (piv txwv. Ntawm neeg ua hauj lwm thiab cov kev tswj, koom haum saib xyuas thiab union, menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov xib fwb, thiab lwm yam), tsev neeg (thaum qhov teeb meem uas muaj ob peb cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob tug los yog ntau pawg - piv txwv li nyob rau hauv kiag qhov, nyob rau hauv lem, pej xeem thauj thiab thiaj li nyob. d.).
Koj yuav tau xaiv cov piv txwv ntawm kev sib raug zoo sib haum nyob rau hauv lub inter-pab pawg neeg theem li thoob ntiaj teb, Intercultural thiab kev cai dab qhuas. Txhua yam ntawm cov hom npog sab sectors ntawm cov pej xeem thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug txiav txim ntev ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov xaiv hom yuav muaj ib tug crossover cim. Ib tug cais qeb yog thoob ntiaj teb tsis sib haum (piv txwv uas peb tas li pom nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm), xws li ntawm tus neeg lub xeev thiab lawv coalitions.
Cov teeb meem ntawm tus neeg thiab cov pab pawg neeg
Qhov no hom yog feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas ib tus tib neeg nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg tsis kam ua raws li cov seem tuaj koom, yog li qhia nonconformist tus cwj pwm. Tog twg los nws ua ib co kev ua uas yog xam yuav tsis tsim nyog hais tias provokes teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, ib tug feature zaj duab xis yuav ua Roland Bykov "hi" (1983), nyob rau lub cim tseem ceeb, Lena Bessoltseva yog nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog rau cov chav kawm ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd ciav piv txwv ntawm cov kev coj cwj pwm nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg Nonconformist provoking teeb meem yog tragic txoj hmoo Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno.
ntaub ntawv uas muaj teeb meem
Pawg no implies ib tug tej yam tseem ntawm kev txiav txim uas tsim qhov teeb meem. Ntawm cov yooj yim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov teeb meem, yog cov nram qab no (Samsonova N. V.): sib cav tswv yim (sib cav tswv yim) thov, raug txim, boycott, strike, kev ua phem, tawm tsam, tsim txom (kev tsim txom), kab, kev hem thawj, kev sib ntxub, encroachment , quab yuam, ua phem, ua tsov rog (nom tswv tsis sib haum). Piv txwv kev tsis sib haum thiab controversy kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub scientific cov zej zog, uas ib zaug dua proves tau constructive teeb meem.
Rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm kev tsis sib haum, koj yuav xav txog peb lub ntsiab theoretical le caag:
- txug;
- situational;
- kev txawj ntse.
motivational mus kom ze
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm no mus kom ze, ua heev ntawm ib tug tej tus neeg los yog pab pawg neeg yog saum toj no tag nrho ib tug rog xav txog ntawm nws cov sab hauv cov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, nrog Freud txoj hauj lwm autogruppovaya heev yog inevitable mob rau tej inter-pab pawg neeg kev sis raug zoo, muaj universal. Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm no heev - ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm tswj nrog stability thiab cohesion ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nyob los ntawm nom tswv tsis sib haum. Piv txwv muaj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub fascist zog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Ltalis (lub tswv yim ntawm haiv neeg superiority), raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nriaj tiv thaiv "cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg" nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Stalin lub repressions. Freud txuam tsim mechanism autogruppovoy ua siab phem rau "txawv teb chaws" mus rau lub Oedipus complex, lub instinct ntawm aggression thiab kev xav kev qhia kom paub nrog cov thawj coj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg -. Lub "txiv", thiab lwm yam ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm morality yuav tsis muab suav hais tias xws tseeb raws li ib tug constructive teeb meem. Piv txwv haiv neeg thiab loj xav tias tsam lawv, txawm li cas los, kom meej meej qhia tau rallying cov mej zeej ntawm ib pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv confrontation nrog rau lwm yam.
Lub Aggressiveness ntawm lub theoretical tswvyim ntawm tus American psychologist Leonard Berkowitz raws li ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm intergroup tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv dej txheeb ze deprivation. Uas yog ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg soj ntsuam lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv zej zog raws li ib tug ntau disadvantaged txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau hauv no deprivation yog txheeb ze, raws li cov disadvantaged txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag tej zaum yuav tsis muaj tseeb.
situational mus kom ze
Qhov no mus kom ze yog teem rau lwm yam, qhov teeb meem no yuav ua tau rau qhov tshwm sim thiab tseem ntawm qhov teeb meem. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub Turkish psychologist Muzaffer tub ceev xwm tshawb fawb tau pom hais tias tus heev ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tawm tsam lwm tus yog zoo heev txo yog hais tias, tsis txhob tw ib puag ncig lawv muaj tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev koom tes (yuav tsum tau mus siv ob leeg kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv uas lub sij hawm yog nyob ntawm cov kev siv zog ntawm tag nrho cov neeg). Yog li, lub Sheriff pom tias cov yam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem no, nyob rau hauv uas cov pab pawg INTERACTIONS, yog decisive nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim lub koom los sis sib tw xwm ntawm intergroup sis raug zoo.
kev txawj ntse mus kom ze
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub haum yog nyob rau hauv hom luag hauj lwm ntawm kev txawj ntse (kev puas hlwb) systems muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem rau txhua lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib qhov teeb meem uas muaj teeb meem intergroup heev ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tawm tsam lwm tus yog tsis tas tshwm sim los ntawm ib lub hom phiaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab (uas yog thov nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag kev tshawb xav ntawm kev tsis sib haum tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm lub situational mus kom ze). Raws li, tsis muaj koom / sis tw xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no ua ib tug decisive zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv lub intergroup thiab lus sib thiab tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm nws pab pawg neeg chaw. By lawv tus kheej, zuag qhia tag nrho cov hom phiaj yog los daws kev tsis sib haum ntawm tw - nws nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kev cwj pwm uas sib sau ua ke cov pab pawg neeg thiab ua rau kom kov yeej lawv txheem.
Tedzhfel Turner thiab tsim lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib raug qhia tias yog leejtwg, whereby teeb meem ntawm cov pab pawg tsis yog ib tug tsim nyog yuav tau txais ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees (tsis zoo li motivational mus kom ze). Ntsib nrog no tsis ncaj ncees, cov neeg muaj lub sij hawm los xaiv ib tug los yog lwm txoj kev los mus kov yeej nws.
Conflictological kab lis kev cai ntawm tus
Tsis hais txog ntawm seb puas muaj cov thoob ntiaj teb tsis sib haum, piv txwv uas yog feem ntau kom meej meej pom tug teeb meem coj cwj pwm sab; los yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug me sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov lug txhawb cov miv yog cov tsis tshua tseem ceeb nkawd qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev tawm. Lub peev xwm ntawm lub opposing sab mus nrhiav ib tug hais nruab nrab nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim teeb meem qhov teeb meem no, los tswj yus tus kheej lawv tus kheej puas cwj pwm, saib tau zeem muag ntawm ntxiv kev koom tes nrog rau cov tw - tag nrho ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb yog tus yuam sij rau ib tug ua tau cov paaj sij hawm. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tsis muaj teeb meem yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog cov tag nrho cov pej xeem txoj cai, economic, kev cai thiab kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv zej zog, lub hauv paus pib ntawm no sib yog ib co kev cov tib neeg. Ib yam li tus dej pib los ntawm me me ntws.
Nws yog hais txog conflictological kev cai yog leej twg. Coj tswvyim muaj xws li cov muaj peev xwm thiab muaj lub siab xav ntawm tus neeg rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo sib haum (Samsonova N. V.). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog advisable kom rov qab lub tswvyim ntawm "constructive teeb meem". Piv txwv ntawm tam sim no kev tsis sib haum (xav lawv sharpened thiab ntau xwm) sau es, hla kev constructive teeb meem kev sis raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub tswvyim ntawm conflictological kev cai qhia tias yog leejtwg yuav tsum raug xam tias yog tsis tsuas thiab tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas raws li ib tug ntawm cov tej yam kev mob rau kev pom kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib haum nyob hauv zej zog, tab sis kuj raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tham ntawm txhua txhua niaj hnub tus neeg.
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