Robert Merton: ib tug biography ntawm tus naas ej sociologist. Robert Merton tshab rau Sociology

Robert Merton - tus naas ej sociologist, kawm thiab ib tug thoob ntiaj teb lub cev, ib tug ntawm cov uas kws tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov Sociology ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws tau muaj kev tswj brilliantly hloov stereotypical cwj pwm, uas ntev nyob zaum uas eccentric ntse heev yog tsis ua txhua yam los ntawm cov kev cai thiab cov kev tswj. Nws yog ib qhov lub cev ua hauj lwm thiab tsim lub hauv paus rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub 1994 National Puav pheej rau scientific kev kawm.

Merton tau txais txeeb heev heev rau nws kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog tus thawj kev paub txog, uas tau muab ua ib tug mus saib xyuas tug tswv cuab ntawm lub National Academy ntawm Sciences thiab ib tug txawv teb chaws tus neeg sawv cev rau lub noob nom noob tswv Swedish Academy ntawm Sciences, nws luam tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm scholarly hauj lwm nyob rau sociological kev tshawb xav thiab loj sib txuas lus.

Dua 70 xyoo nws tau muab nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo heev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, ntaub ntawv thiab etymology, raws li zoo raws li lub sociological ntsiab lus: rau hauv xov xwm txoj kev ua hauj lwm, lub cev ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, kev xaav, outsiders tiv thaiv insiders.

Cia peb kawm ntxiv txog qhov no tseem ceeb heev.

Robert Merton: A Biography

Yug nyob rau hauv Philadelphia, Lub Xya hli ntuj 4, 1910 nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais cov neeg tsiv teb. Nws txiv yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm Sociology ntawm Columbia University, thiab nws niam muab tag nrho lawv lub zog txoj kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam.

Educated ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv South Philly. Nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais hluas nws tau ua ib tug heev qhua mus rau lub Endryu Karnegi tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Academy of Music, lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Art thiab lwm yam kev cai thiab kev kawm cov chaw.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14, nws tau hloov nws lub npe rau Merlin, tom qab ib qho ntawm feem mysterious cim nyob rau hauv lub legends ntawm King Arthur. Tab sis cov phooj ywg hais rau nws hais tias nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab "khawv koob", thiab nws hloov nws nrog Merton.

kev kawm ua hauj lwm

Nws sociological hauj lwm nws tau pib nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm George Simpson los ntawm tuam tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab Pitirima Sorokina ntawm Harvard University, uas twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv empirical thiab statistical kev tshawb fawb.

Nyob rau hauv 1936, Robert King Merton tau txais nws doctorate los ntawm Harvard University. Nyob rau hauv 1939 nws los ua ib tug xib fwb thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Sociology ntawm Tulane University, thiab nyob rau hauv 1941 tuaj koom lub Columbia University. Nyob rau hauv 1963, nws tau txais ib tug siab nyob qib - ib tug university xib fwb.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1942 mus 1971 nws tau txais kev pab raws li Deputy Director ntawm lub Bureau of Applied Social tshawb fawb University. Muaj kuj yog ib tug lecturer nyob rau Rockefeller University. Nyob rau hauv 1985, nyob rau hauv paub ntawm nws invaluable pab mus rau science thiab lub sij hawm ntev thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau Columbia University, nws muab lub npe ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm Science.

Robert Merton twb sib yuav ob zaug. Los ntawm nws thawj sib yuav nws muaj ob tug tub thiab ob tug ntxhais. Nws tus tub, Robert C. Merton nyob rau hauv 1997 los ua tus tswv nyob rau hauv lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Economics.

Robert Merton tuag ob hlis ntuj 23, 2003.

Prizes thiab txeeb

Thaum lub sij hawm nws scientific hauj lwm Merton tau tuav ob peb tseem ceeb txaus:

- Deputy Director ntawm lub Bureau of Applied Social tshawb fawb ntawm Columbia University, (1942-1971 biennium).

- Trustee ntawm lub Center rau Advanced Txoj kev tshawb no nyob rau hauv lub Behavioral Sciences ntawm Stanford University , (1952-1975 biennium).

- Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub American sociological Association (1957).

Robert Merton tau kuj tau txais ob peb sab saum toj khoom plig:

- ib tug tseem ceeb scholarship los ntawm lub American Council ntawm kawm Societies (1962);

- Commonwealth nqi zog rau koj tau nyob rau hauv Sociology (1970);

- Makaratur puav pheej nyob rau hauv kawm tiav lub tsev kawm ntawv (nyob rau hauv 1980);

- nqi zog "Leej twg yog leej twg nyob rau hauv America" rau siab ua tau nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm social sciences (1984);

- nyob rau hauv 1985, Columbia University muab nws lub npe ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm Science.

Robert Merton: ib pab mus rau Sociology

Qhov scientific kev ua ntawm Merton yog tsuas yog teem rau ib tug "nruab nrab ntau kev tshawb xav" ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws hais tias zaum yuav tsum tsis txhob zoo speculative thiab paub daws teeb lus qhuab qhia, raws li zoo raws li pedantic nug hais tias yog tsis zoo li mus coj lawv mus rau tsim tau.

Thaum tseem muaj ib tug kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub Harvard University (1936), nyob rau hauv nws tsab xov xwm "Social Qauv thiab Anomie" nws sau txog lub hom twg ntawm hloov tus cwj pwm thiab kev ua txhaum. Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm kev "sociological kev txhawj xeeb" Merton mus kawm cov kev tswj thiab sib txawv teeb meem.

Robert Merton kev tshawb xav yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm cov lus tseeb uas neeg feem ntau soj ntsuam lawv cov kev sib lub sij hawm thiab cov kev txwv kev ntxub; khov kho kom zoo dua ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev txaus qhia ( "Matthew nyhuv"), uas npaj siab mus ua kab nphoo. Nws tau pom lub fragility ntawm cov qub ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo kev cai raws li txoj kev cai coj noj coj ua, lub hom kev cai qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev qauv.

"Lub cai ntawm science" thiab lwm yam tswv yim

Robert King Merton npaj ib tug tshwj xeeb "science kev cai" raws li ib tug txheej ntawm hom phiaj uas zaum yuav tsum nrhiav rau:

- communalism - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov qhib haiv neeg;

- universalism - science "tsis ntxub";

- unselfishness - qhov kev kawm ntawm lwm lub hom phiaj;

- ib lub koom haum skepticism - qhov kev kawm ntawm saib meej tag nrho cov tswv yim thiab theories.

Nws kuj tau ib tug ntau ntawm sociological tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, nrog rau cov tswv yim xws li "tus kheej-fulfilling los yav tom ntej", "unintended txim" thiab lub sij hawm "obliteration los ntawm incorporation" - thaum kev tshawb xav yuav li popularized tias nws tsim tsis nco qab txog lub essence ntawm no ziag no. Nws qhia lub tswvyim ntawm "lub sij hawm" los piav qhia txog cov neeg sab nraud discoveries nyob rau hauv science.

kev txawj ntse yooj

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60-ies ntawm Merton nws plunged rau hauv qhov kev tshawb ntawm cov loj kev cai thiab lub koom haum yam nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Nws muaj ib tug meej tsom xam ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Nobel nqi zog winners, cov kev sib tw, qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab problematic xwm ntawm lub foundations thiab saws me nyuam ntawm cov "nceeg vaj" ntawm science.

Sociologist Robert Merton tsom nws kev txawj ntse yooj nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov lus nug txog theoretical formulations pab typology thiab kev faib tawm, empirical tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim uas siv sociological ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub.

scientific ua hauj lwm

Lub ntsiab scientific tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub neej ntawm Merton: "Science, technology thiab lub neej nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ces" (1938), "Social Theory thiab Social Qauv" (ob peb tshooj raug luam tawm los ntawm 1949 mus 1968).

Tom qab ntawd nws luam tawm xws tej hauj lwm: "Student kws kho mob" (1957), "Sociology ntawm Science: Theoretical thiab empirical Studies" (1973), "sociological Ambivalence thiab lwm yam kev sau" (1976), "Social studies thiab xyaum tu yus tus profession "(1982).

Ib txhia influential tej hauj lwm muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug sau ntawm tsab ntawv edited by Coser (lawv tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 65th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Robert): "Lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo qauv: cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Merton" (1975).

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb yuav hais tias Robert Merton - ib tug zoo txiv neej, ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm niaj hnub nom tswv thiab sociological kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem influential kev zaum ntawm America. Nws los ua tus thawj sociologist uas rau nws kev tshawb fawb tau tau txais txeeb heev heev thiab prizes. Thoob plaws hauv nws cov hauj lwm ntawm ntau tshaj 20 universities (xws li Harvard, Yale, Columbia thiab Chicago) Merton twb muab saib xyuas lub npe. Nws scientific tej hauj lwm thiab niaj hnub no muaj nyob rau hauv siab thov cov kev soj ntsuam thiab menyuam kawm ntawv.