Self-cai nyob rau hauv biology ua - nws ... Lub tswvyim ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai nyob nruab

Self-cai nyob rau hauv biology ua - nws yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaj chaw ntawm nyob systems yog lub automatic installation thiab kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm ib tug tej theem yuav tsum tau rau qub hauj lwm tsis. Lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog tias tsis muaj lwm influences yog tsis tswj. Qhia yam hloov tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug self-regulating system, thiab ua rau kom lub creation ntawm dynamic equilibrium. Tsob los ntawm tus txheej txheem no tej zaum yuav ib tug cyclical xwm thiab resuming fading li folding los yog disappearance ntawm tej yam tej yam kev mob.

Self-cai: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lom sij hawm

Tej nyob system, ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm thiab xaus biogeocenosis, lossi raug rau sab nraum ntawm ntau yam. Hloov cov kub tej yam kev mob, av noo finishes zaub mov los yog nruj interspecies sib txeeb - Piv txwv loj. Yog li cov nqi ntawm tej system nyob rau nws lub peev xwm kom muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua nrog cov ib puag ncig (homeostasis). Nws yog mus cuag xws li ib tug lub hom phiaj, thiab muaj yog nws tus kheej-kev cai. Lub ntsiab txhais implies hais tias kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog tsis ncaj nphav raug yam. Lawv hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv Pib ntsais koj teeb uas ua rau ib tug tsis txaus thiab ua rau lub lub community launch ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai mechanisms coj lub system rov qab mus rau ib tug ruaj khov lub xeev. Nyob rau txhua theem ntawm no sis yam nws zoo txawv, li ntawd, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub li cas self-control, cia lawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob teeb meem

Niaj hnub nimno science adheres rau lub tswvyim, raws li tag nrho cov uas ntuj thiab kev khoom yog tshuab. Lawv muaj xws li cais hais, lossi interacting rau ib co kev cai lij choj. Nyob khoom yog tsis muaj exception rau txoj cai no, lawv kuj nruab nrog nws tus kheej nrog hierarchy thiab multi-level qauv. Ntxiv mus, tus qauv ntawm nws muaj ib qho kev nthuav feature. Txhua system yuav ib txhij yog ib tug ntawm ib tug ntau dua theem thiab yuav sau ua ib pawg (i.e. tag nrho cov tib system) rau sab kev txiav txim theem. Piv txwv li, ntoo - cav ntoo caij thiab ib txhij multicellular system.

Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem, hauv ib feem ntau yog plaub yooj yim ntau ntau cov koom haum nyob:

• Molecular noob caj noob ces;
• ontogenetic (organismal - los ntawm cell rau tib neeg);
• pejxeem-hom;
• biogeocenotic (ecosystem theem).

self-kev cai hom kev kawm

Dab tshwm sim ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov theem zoo sib txawv scale, lub zog qhov twg los thiab nws tau, tab sis zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Hauv plawv ntawm lawv yog cov tib txoj kev ntawm yus tus kheej-kev cai systems. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib tug tswv yim mechanism. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv ob hom: zoo thiab tsis zoo. Nco qab hais tias ib tug ncaj qha kev twb kev txuas yuav hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib tug system tivthaiv rau lwm tus, qhov rov qab ntws nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab, los ntawm lub thib ob mus rau tus thawj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab nws thiab lwm yam kev hloov hauv lub xeev ntawm lub txais kev tivthaiv.

Zoo tswv yim ua rau lub fact tias cov txheej txheem, uas thawj qhia lub thib ob lub caij, tsau thiab mus txuas ntxiv yuav tsum tau nqa tawm. Ib tug zoo xws li cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais ntawm txhua txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Qhov thib ob lub caij yog lossi signaled thawj nyob rau qhov yuav tsum tau mus ntxiv rau hauv tib lub txheej txheem. Thaum zoo li no system yog ntxhov stability.

Lub ntsiab mechanism

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam hauj lwm tsis zoo tawm tswv yim. Nws ua rau yus lub emergence ntawm tshiab hloov, tus opposite ntawm uas tus thawj lub caij ntawm lub thib ob qhia. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tshem tawm thiab txiav dab, disturb tus equilibrium, thiab cov system yuav ruaj khov dua. Ib tug yooj yim analogy - hlau ua hauj lwm: cov kuaj kub yog ib lub teeb liab rau switching tawm lub caij cua kub. Tsis zoo tswv yim yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov dab koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tswj homeostasis.

comprehensiveness

Self-cai nyob rau hauv biology ua - ib tug txheej txheem uas zoo kawg nkaus tag nrho cov theem. Nws lub hom phiaj - los khaws cia rau hauv lub dynamic tshuav nyiaj li cas hauv cov ib puag ncig. Vim hais tias ntawm cov inclusiveness ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm lub centre ntawm thiaj li muaj ntau tej yam ntuj tso science seem yog nws tus kheej-kev cai. Nyob rau hauv biology, qhov no cytology, physiology, tsiaj thiab cog ecology. Txhua lub disciplines muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus neeg theem. Xav txog hais tias xws li self-kev cai, nyob rau ntawm lub lub ntsiab theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub neej.

intracellular theem

Nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm tes kom muaj ib tug sustainable nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj mechanisms mas siv. Cov lawv ib tug central luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm noob ua si tswj uas nyob zus tau tej cov proteins.

Lub cyclic xwm ntawm cov txheej txheem yog yooj yim pom nyob rau hauv lub enzymatic saw kawg ntawm repressed khoom. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm xws chaw nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm complex tshuaj mus rau hauv yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus kawg cov khoom no yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov qauv mus rau tus thawj enzyme nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj homeostasis. Cov khoom uake mus rau lub enzyme thiab cheeb txoj kev raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tus muaj zog yam ntxwv hloov. Qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab tshaj ib tug finite concentration ntawm tshuaj permissible theem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws nres lub fermentation txheej txheem thiab cov tiav cov khoom siv los ntawm lub cell rau nws tus kheej xav tau kev pab. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, cov theem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ntog hauv qab no lub permissible nqi. Qhov no yog ib lub teeb liab mus pib lub fermentation: protein kaw los ntawm enzyme inhibition txheej txheem nres thiab pib tag nrho cov tshaj dua.

ua complexity

Self-cai nyob rau hauv qhov yog yeej ib txwm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm lub tswv yim thiab feem ntau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov scenario. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov qib tom ntej no, muaj cov yam tseem ceeb uas complicate tus txheej txheem. Rau hlwb tseem ceeb constancy ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig, tswj ib lub nqi ntawm cov concentration ntawm txawv tshuaj. Thaum lub theem tom ntej ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai txheej txheem no yog tsim los daws tau ib tug ntau ntau cov teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv multicellular kab mob muaj tag nrho systems uas txhawb homeostasis. Qhov no ua pa system, qee, kev thiab cov zoo li. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov evolution ntawm muaj thiab fauna yooj yim ua rau nws paub tseeb hais tias raws li cov complexity ntawm cov qauv thiab cov sab nraud puag ncig los txhim kho lub mechanisms ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai.

organismal theem

Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov hauv ib puag ncig yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj plaub. Hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai thiab nws cov kev siv - yog tshee thiab humoral system. Lossi interacting, lawv tus txheej txheem tswj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev, ua rau kom cov creation thiab txij nkawm ntawm dynamic equilibrium. Lub hlwb tau txais Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm lub paj fibers tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua lub cev. Qhov no kuj accumulating ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub endocrine qog. Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab hormonal kev cai txhawb feem ntau zoo instantaneous rearrangement ntawm cov txheej txheem.

tawm tswv yim

system kawm yuav pom nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov ntshav siab. Txhua yam kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas no ntes tej receptors nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Ib qho kev nce los yog txo nyob rau hauv siab muaj feem xyuam rau cov nro ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg thiab cov hlab ntsha. Nws yog nyob rau cov kev hloov no thiab hnov mob receptors. Lub teeb liab yog kis tau mus rau lub vascular chaw, thiab los yeej muaj mus "hais" ntawm yuav ua li cas kho lub suab nrov ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab lub plawv. Kev cob cog rua thiab lub system ntawm neurohumoral kev cai. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub siab rov mus rau li qub. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom nco ntsoov tias lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib koom tes kev cai system yog tseem tib lub tswv yim mechanism.

Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tag nrho cov

Self-kev cai, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm tej yam kev kho me ntsis rau lub cev ua ub no, underlies tag nrho cov kev hloov ntawm lub cev, nws tshua rau lwm stimuli. Kev nyuaj siab nyhuv thiab qhov kev nyuaj siab yuav ua tau kom hypertrophy ntawm tej yam kabmob. Piv txwv ntawm no yog tsim nqaij ntawm ncaws pob thiab muaj zog teeb freediving enthusiasts. Raug kev nyuaj siab yog feem ntau ib tug kab mob. Hypertrophy ntawm lub plawv - ib tug heev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj ib tug mob ntawm cov rog. Qhov no yog ib lub cev lo lus teb rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kom cov load rau siv cov ntshav.

self-kev cai mechanisms pw rau tom lub hauv paus ntawm muaj sia cov lus teb uas tshwm sim thaum ntshai. Raws li cov ntshav yog muab pov tseg zoo kawg npaum li cas ntawm cov hormone adrenaline, uas ua rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev hloov: ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv cov pa noj, ua rau kom tus nqi ntawm cov piam thaj, muaj zog lub plawv dhia thiab cov mobilization ntawm lub licas. Tag nrho cov tshuav nyiaj li cas yog khaws cia vim lub them nyiaj rov qab ntawm cov kev ua ntawm lwm yam, slows kev zom, kev sib deev reflexes ploj.

dynamic equilibrium

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias homeostasis, nyob txawm theem tej zaum nws yuav tsum khaws cia, yog tsis muaj txog. Tag nrho cov ciaj ciam ntawm lub sab hauv cheeb tsam tswj nyob rau hauv ib yam luv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab lossi fluctuating. Yog li ntawd, sib tham txog lub dynamic equilibrium ntawm lub system. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb no hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib tug parameter tsis mus dhau lub thiaj li hu ua txoj kev hauv tsev hloov mus hloov los, txwv tsis pub cov txheej txheem yuav ua pathological.

Sustainability thiab nws tus kheej-kev cai ecosystem

Biogeocoenosis (ecosystem) muaj ob interconnected lug: biocenosis thiab biotope. Tus thawj sawv cev rau lub totality uas muaj sia nyob creatures ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Biotope - cov yam tseem ceeb tsis muaj sia puag ncig qhov twg biocenosis txoj sia nyob. Environmental tej yam kev mob, lossi rau tus kab mob no raug muab faib ua peb pawg:

• abiotic tej yam: kub, lub teeb, av noo thiab lwm yam hais txog tswg xwm;
• biotic tej yam: tej yam uas ib tug kab tsiaj txhuv mus rau lwm yam, sib cais los ntawm kev sib txeeb, symbiosis, cab thiab predation;
• anthropogenic tej yam - raug rau tib neeg.

Khaws cia txhais tau tias welfare homeostasis ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv ib qhov sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab hloov nrog yam tseem ceeb. Biogeocoenosis txhawb nws tus kheej-kev cai yog feem ntau raws li ib tug system ntawm trophic mus. Lawv yog ib tus kaw saw hlau los ntawm uas lub zog ntws. Producers (nroj tsuag thiab hemobakterii) tau txais nws los ntawm lub hnub los yog los ntawm tshuaj haum, tsim nrog nws cov organic teeb meem uas yog tej yam ua kua consuments (herbivores, Carnivores, omnivores) ob peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau. decomposers yog nyob rau dhau theem ntawm lub voj voog (kab mob, ib txhia hom cua nab) uas decompose organic teeb meem mus rau hauv nws cov constituent ntsiab. Lawv ib zaug dua nkag rau hauv lub system nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus rau cov neeg tsim.

Lub constancy ntawm lub voj voog yog ensured los ntawm lub fact tias ntau hom nyob yam yog nyob rau txhua txhua theem. Thaum tsis muaj ib tug saw ntawm ib co ntawm lawv hloov ntawm zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev khiav dej num.

lwm txiav txim

Tswj homeostasis yog nrog los ntawm kev kis tau tus sab nraum. Hloov ib ncig ntawm ecosystem tej yam kev mob ua rau qhov yuav tsum tau mus kho nrog dab. Qhia ob peb sustainability no:

• High thiab kuas ua me nyuam tej zaum ntawm cov neeg;
• ib tug neeg muaj tus kab mob adaptation rau hloov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob;
• hom ntau haiv neeg thiab zaub mov chains branched.

Cov peb tej yam kev mob yog conducive mus rau lub txij nkawm ntawm lub ecosystem nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm dynamic equilibrium. Yog li, nws tus kheej-kev cai biogeocoenose theem hauv ib - ib tug tu tub tu kiv los ntawm cov tsiaj, cov preservation ntawm cov pej xeem thiab ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb stability. Yog li, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg kab, cov system tshuav nyiaj li cas yuav ua tsis tau txog.

Lub tswvyim ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai ntawm nyob systems muab piav cov qauv thiab nyob rau tib neeg zej zog thiab pej xeem hauv tsev. Lug siv nws tej ntsiab cai thiab psychology. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yuav tsum muaj theories ntawm niaj hnub science.