Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1: Keeb kwm ntawm Russia

Tus thawj ib nrab ntawm cov puas tawm xyoo dhau los ua ib tug zoo ntawm era ntawm loj hlob Lavxias teb sab pej xeem lub zog. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm kav Nicholas kuv (1825-1855 xyoo). Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, thaum kawg concretized txoj hauj lwm feem ntau nrov nom tswv camps. Tsim lub monarchical kev tshawb xav, thiab muaj yog ib tug tsis nrug zog. Vajvoog cov thawj coj ntawm revolutionary khoom expands ho.

Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1 goodbye rau lub zam philosophy ntawm kev kawm ntawv raws li lub hauv paus ntawm ideology. Tuaj thawj Hegelianism thiab Schellingism. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov German theories tau thov, noj mus rau hauv tus account peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab mentality. Revolutionaries tsis tsuas mastered rau lub utopian socialism, uas los ntawm teb chaws Europe, tab sis kuj yuav muab tso rau pem hauv ntej rau nws tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm lub zej lub zos. Lub indifference ntawm tsoom fwv rau cov tshiab tiam sis thiab sib ntaus tawm tsam kev txiav txim voj voog rau txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm manifestation ntawm nyob thought yog tus catalyst, tso tej thiab haib heev rog.

Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1, thiab kev lub neej

Zoo li txhua qhov chaw ntawm nom tswv kev xav, txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav nyob rau hauv Russia twb yus los ntawm tej yam ntxwv uas yog tshwj xeeb rau lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm. Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas kuv, yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug authoritarian tsoom fwv thiab yog tsis tshua muaj zog, uas suppress tej los qhia lawv lub tswv yim. Tsab ntawv tsa suab tshwm sim ho los Decembrists. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov thawj noble revolutionaries thiab lawv iab, tragic kev, nyob rau hauv ib tes tu siab, tab sis nyob rau lwm yam - tshwm sim mus nrhiav txoj kev tshiab los txhim kho lub philosophical ntsuj plig.

Nws yog pib tuaj los twb paub lawm hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los nyiam lub sab masses ntawm cov pejxeem, xws li cov tswv teb, vim hais tias cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov tiam sis yog cov koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv. Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1 launched mas nobles, tab sis tom qab tuaj koom nws thiab commoners. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, muaj ib lub tsim ntawm nkaus tshiab currents. Nws Slavophiles, Westerners thiab populists. Heev nrov yog cov kev tshawb xav ntawm official haiv neeg. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus haum rau hauv lub cai thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm siab, conservatism, socialism thiab nationalism.

Txij li thaum tau txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm qhia yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, cov kev sib raug zoo zog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1 tau ua lub ntsiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub voj voog. Cov neeg nyiag no npaj ib lub rooj sib tham qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm, thiab hla mus rau hauv lub zej zog yuav tsum tau mus hu ib tug los yog lwm lo lus zais uas yog lossi hloov. Ntau npaum li cas ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los era, tau nrhiav lub painting, kos duab thiab kev sau ntawv thuam. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj ib tug meej kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub hwj chim thiab kab lis kev cai.

Tej yam loj loj nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ib tug German philosopher, Hegel, Fichte thiab Schelling. Lawv tau los ua tus pog koob yawg koob ntawm ntau nom tswv tiam sis nyob rau hauv Russia.

Nta ntawm lub neej kev nyob rau hauv lub 30-50-ies ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo

Yog hais tias peb xav txog ib tug muab lub sij hawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tom qab tus txheej xwm ntawm lub hlis ntuj nqeg 14, 1825 yog ib tug tsis tshua txawj ntse lub dag lub zog tsis muaj zog txaus. Tom qab lub tua neeg pov tseg ntawm lub Decembrists kev zog nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv Nicholas 1 yuav luag nres. Tag nrho cov xim ntawm Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia twb yog puas lawm los yog xa mus rau Siberia. thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv lub voj voog, uas grouped ua ke cov hluas tiam tom qab xwb kaum xyoo pib tshwm. Yog tias thaum nws tau los ua ntau nrov Schellingism.

Ua rau kev taw

Zoo li tej kev zog nyob rau hauv no coj tau nws zoo yog vim li cas. Lawv yog cov kam ntawm cov tub ceev xwm kom paub txog tias lub sij hawm tau hloov thiab twb tsis tau sawv ntsug tseem, thiab cov nruj censorship thiab cov hluav ntawm ua hauj lwm, txawm qhia peacefully.

Main qhia ntawm lub zog

Lub yeej ntawm lub Decembrists thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tsoom fwv ntawm kev tsuj coj mus rau xwb ib ntus ntxias. Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1, txawm ntau lit tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos. Centers ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm philosophical xav pib St. Petersburg thiab Moscow cov khw txiav, ua hauj lwm thiab neeg khiav dej num ntawm lub koom haum, raws li zoo raws li kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev, cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Nws yog ua nce nrov cov phau ntawv Magazine xws li "Moskvityanin" thiab "Herald ntawm cov teb chaws Europe". Public zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign Nicholas 1 muaj peb cov thiab sib cais ceg. Qhov no conservatism, siab thiab radicalism.

conservative

Social zog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1 tau txuam nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nom tswv thiab social taw. Conservatism nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws raug raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm lub autocratic thiab xav tau ib tug nyuaj txoj cai. Tsis tas li ntawd hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm serfdom. Cov tswv yim sawv nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries thiab mus txog rau nws ncov nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. Tshwj xeeb suab conservatism mas yuav kis tau thaum lub hnub poob tiv thaiv absolutism twb yuav luag tiav lawm. Yog li, Karamzin sau hais tias cov monarchy yuav tsum inviolable.

Nws yog ib yam rau tom qab lub tua neeg pov tseg ntawm lub Decembrists.
Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab ib tug ideological conservatism raws li txoj cai Ushakov teeb (Minister of Education) tsim lub hom phiaj ntawm official haiv neeg. Nws paub tias nws lub hwjchim kav ntawm tsuas tau thiab yog daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Russia. Serfdom mas suav hais tias ib tug boon rau cov neeg thiab rau lub teb chaws raws li ib tug tag nrho. Los ntawm no tag nrho yi yog ib tug natural xaus hais tias tsis muaj kev hloov thiab transformations yog tsis tsim nyog. Qhov no kev tshawb xav tau sparked ntse thuam cov intellectuals. Ardent oppositionists pib P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin thiab lwm tus neeg.

mas kev taw qhia

Nruab nrab ntawm lub 30-40-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yug ib tug tshiab qauv uas tau ua tus opposite ntawm conservatism. Siab twb conditionally muab faib ua ob camps: lub Slavophiles thiab Westerners. Ideologists ntawm cov thawj coj thiab steel I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin thiab lwm tus neeg. Ntawm cov coj Westerners yuav hu ua xws distinguished jurists thiab philosophers li B. Botkin, PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Ob leeg ntawm cov chaw no koom los ntawm lub siab xav mus saib Russia raws li ib tug niaj hnub thiab civilized nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm European lub teb chaws. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov taw mas suav hais tias tsim nyog cov abolition ntawm serfdom thiab cov nyiaj ntawm lub peasants me me thaj av ntawm thaj av, cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug kev cai monarchy , thiab txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus. Ntshai ntawm reprisals, thiab Westerners, thiab Slavophiles tau vam hais tias tsoom fwv nws tus kheej yuav muaj cov kev hloov.

Nta ob currents ntawm siab

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, no tiam sis kuj sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, Slavophils muab ntev tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab neeg. Lawv suav hais tias yog zoo tagnrho hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv pre-Petrine cov me nyuam yaus. Ces Zemsky Sobor paub mus rau lub sovereign yuav ntawm cov neeg, thiab ntawm cov tswv av thiab peasants tau zoo tsim kev sib raug zoo. Slavophiles ntseeg tias Lavxias teb sab neeg yog lawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm collectivism, whereas nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, individualism reigns. Lawv tawm tsam lub indiscriminate idolatry rau European tiam sis.

Social zog nyob rau hauv Nicholas kuv, twb nthuav thiab cov Westerners leej twg, on qhov tsis tooj, ntseeg hais tias peb yuav tsum kawm los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev coj ntawm tsim lub teb chaws. Lawv thuam lub Slavophiles, thov hais tias Russia lags qab teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects thiab yuav tsum ntes nws los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb. Tib txoj kev uas ntawm kev kawm ntawv lawv xav hais tias universal txoj kev kawm ntawv.

revolutionary zog

Lub me me voj voog nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob qhov twg, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub sab qaum teb capital, espionage, censorship thiab denunciations twb tsis zoo li tsim. Lawv cov tswv cuab txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm cov Decembrists thiab tsaug tej kev ua phem tshaj rau lawv. Lawv faib pamphlets thiab txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub tas luav. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub coronation ntawm Nicholas cov neeg sawv cev Cretan cov kwv tij mug tawg nyob thoob plaws liab Square leaflets urging cov neeg mus rau txoj kev ywj pheej. Lub activists ntawm lub koom haum tau kaw rau 10 xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, thiab tom qab yuam mus ua tub rog kev pab cuam.

Petrashevzy

Nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 social zog twb cim los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb rov qab. Rov pib tshwm sim nom tswv voj voog. Tom qab ib tug ntawm lawv cov thawj coj, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, thiab nws lub npe hu ua rau. Lub voj voog muaj xws mas nuj nqis raws li F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, thiab hais txog. D. Petrashevsky vajvoog txim absolutism, thiab advocated qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev cai ywj pheej.

Lub voj voog twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1849, peb tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm ntau tshaj 120 neeg, ntawm uas 21 twb raug txim kom tuag.