Telegraphs: hom, daim duab thiab cov duab

Ntaus xov tooj ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Qeeb thiab unreliable kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hampered cov kev kawm thiab cov neeg tab tom nrhiav rau txoj kev mus leeb nws. Nrog rau cov invention ntawm hluav taws xob ua tau lub creation ntawm pab kiag li lawm, instantly kis rhiab cov ntaub ntawv tshaj ntev ncua kev.

Thaum qhov kaj ntug ntawm keeb kwm

Ntaus xov tooj nyob rau hauv txawv incarnations - tus hiob ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm muaj ib tug xav tau mus rau kis ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug deb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, rau qhov kis tau tus mob los ntawm ntau yam lus siv lub tom-toms drums nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe - qhov hluav taws kub, thiab tom qab ntawd - semaphore kev sib txuas lus. Tus thawj semaphore hlua taws xob twb xub hu ua "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", tab sis, ces hloov nws nrog ib tug ntau tsim nyog los hu ua "hlua taws xob" - "dalnopisets".

Tus thawj ntaus ntawv

Nrog rau cov discovery ntawm lub phenomenon ntawm "hluav taws xob" thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab lub zoo kawg li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Danish paub txog Hans Kristiana Ersteda (tus founder ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm electromagnetism) thiab lub Italian tus paub txog Alessandro Volta - creator ntawm cov thawj electrochemical cell thiab cov thawj roj teeb (nws twb ces hu ua "voltaic pawg") - muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim electromagnetic hlua taws xob .

Sim los tsim hluav taws xob pab kiag li lawm kis tej Pib ntsais koj teeb rau ib tug predetermined deb, coj los ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1774, ib tug yooj yim hlua taws xob ua tau nyob rau hauv Switzerland (Geneva), paub txog thiab inventor Lesage. Nws tuaj koom lub ob transceivers 24-packs cais nyob ntawm tej. Thaum ua ntawv thov ib tug mem tes nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tshuab rau ib tug ntawm cov thawj ncua ntaus lub thib ob pob deviated Buzinova coj electroscope. Ces lub tshuab tau zoo soj ntsuam Lomon (1787), hloov lub hlau 24 mus rau ib tug. Txawm li cas los, qhov no system yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hu cov hlua taws xob.

Ntaus xov tooj txuas ntxiv mus txhim kho. Piv txwv li, ib tug Fabkis txoj physicist André Marie Ampère tsim ib tug kis apparatus muaj magnetic koob 25, tshem tawm los ntawm lub axles, thiab 50 thiab nyob ntawm tej. Txawm li cas los, tua pab kiag li lawm ua xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv yog suab tsis zoo.

Schilling apparatus

Lavxias teb sab (Soviet) phau ntawv hais tias cov thawj hlua taws xob, raws ntawm nws predecessors efficiency, simplicity thiab kev cia siab, tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom nyob rau hauv 1832. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tej lub teb chaws tau disputed qhov kev thov, "txhawb" nws kawg feemxyuam kws tshawb fawb.

Plaub shilling (ntau yam ntawm lawv, hmoov tsis, tsis tau luam tawm) nyob rau hauv telegraphy muaj ntau nthuav tej yaam num ntawm hluav taws xob telegraphs. Baron Schilling apparatus tau nruab nrog daws uas keyboards lub fais tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub nyob ntawm tej txuas lub kis thiab tau txais apparatuses.

Lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj xov, uas muaj 10 lo lus, twb dhau Lub kaum hli ntuj 21, 1832 nrog rau hlua taws xob, ntsia nyob rau Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga chav tsev. Lub inventor kuj tsim cabling project mus cuag cov hlua taws xob nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub Gulf ntawm Finland ntawm Peterhof thiab Kronstadt.

tsav hlua taws xob

Cov txais apparatus muaj coils, txhua tus uas muaj xws li ib tug txuas hlau thiab sib nqus koob tshem tawm saum toj no lub coils rau cov filaments. Nyob rau cov yarns ntxiv dag zog rau ntawm ib mug, pleev xim rau ntawm ib sab dub, lwm dawb. Nias tus yuam sij rau hauv lub transmitter kauj ntawm lub magnetic koob deflected thiab tsiv mus rau qhov tsim nyog txoj hauj lwm voj voog. Thaum lawv tseem npaj voj voog telegrapher txais tos nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cov tsiaj ntawv (code) txiav txim transmitted kos npe rau.

Ua ntej, yim nyob ntawm tej twb yuav tsum tau, ces lawv tus xov tooj yog txo kom ob rau cov kev sib txuas lus. Yuav kom koj khiav lag luam xws li ib tug hlua taws xob ntawm PL Schilling tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb cov cai. Tag nrho cov tom ntej inventors ntawm telegraphy nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm siv kis tau tus mob coding hauv paus ntsiab lus.

lwm yam uas

Yuav luag ib txhij telegraphs zoo xws li cov Siv siv induction currents tsim los ntawm German zaum thiab Weber Ghaus. Twb tau nyob rau Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833 lawv muaj ib tug hlua taws xob kab nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Göttingen (Lower Saxony) ntawm astronamicheskoy thiab sib nqus observatories.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus ntaus ntawv Schilling tau txais kev pab raws li ib tsab rau cov British ntaus xov tooj ua noj thiab Winston. Ua noj ua muaj cuab kav nrog tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab inventor ntawm Heidelberg University (lub teb chaws Yelemees). Ua ke nrog nws tus khub Winston lawv zoo apparatus thiab patented. Tus ntaus ntawv enjoyed zoo zoo coj mus muag nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.

Ib tug me me kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv 1838 tau Shteyngeyl. Tsis tsuas yog hais tias, nws tau siv lub thawj hlua taws xob kab deb (5 km), yog li ntawd txawm ntawd ua lub foundations tias tsuas yog ib tug hlau (lub thib ob yog ib feem ua av) yuav siv tau rau lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob.

Morse hlua taws xob

Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm nrog dials thiab sib nqus koob muaj ib tug incurable khuam - lawv yuav tsis tau stabilized: lub ceev ceev kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib qho yuam kev tshwm sim thiab cov ntawv nyeem ho distorted. Tag ua hauj lwm rau kev tsim ib tug yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha Circuit Court hlua taws xob nyob ntawm tej nrog ob tug ua tau zoo los ntawm American artist thiab inventor Samuel Morse. Nws tau tsim thiab thov ib tug hlua taws xob code nyob rau hauv uas txhua tsab ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv twb xaiv tej yam peb ua ke ntawm dots thiab dashes.

Morse hlua taws xob lub tsev heev tsuas. Rau ib Circuit Court thiab interrupting tam sim no siv ib tug tseem ceeb (ntxias). Nws muaj ib tug pas ua los ntawm cov hlau, lub axis ntawm uas communicates nrog lub kab xyuas pib. Ib kawg ntawm ib tug caij nplooj ntoos hlav-caj npab zog yog nias rau tus hlau ledge, wired rau lub receiver thiab mus rau hauv av (hauv av yog siv). Thaum telegrapher presses lub lwm kawg ntawm tus txhais tes, cov kev xav txog cov lwm yam projection kev cob cog rua rau lub roj teeb cable. Thaum no tus taw tes, tam sim no rushes mus txog rau ib tug receiver nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw.

Thaum txais qhov chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb nruas txhab nqaim sawb ntawm daim ntawv xyaum tu ncua clockwork. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov khoom tam sim no electromagnet attracts ib tug nqaj hlau uas pierces lub daim ntawv, li no txoj kev ua ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov cim.

Academician invention Jacoby

Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij, Academician BS Jacobi lub sij hawm los ntawm 1839 mus 1850, tsim ntau hom telegraphs: sau ntawv, turnouts-theem synchronous ua thiab lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj teleprinter. Qhov tseeb invention yog ib tug tshiab milestone nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib txuas lus tshuab. Pom zoo, nws yog ntau npaum li cas yooj yim nyeem tam sim ntawd xa ib tug xov tshaj rau siv sij hawm nyob rau nws ntawv tseem ceeb.

Cov kis ncaj qha-printing apparatus Jacobi muaj ib tug hu nrog ib tug xub thiab kev sib cuag ntawm lub nruas. Nyob rau txheej vajvoog ntawm lub dial tso cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ua zauv. Cov uas tau txais ntaus ntawv muaj ib tug hu nrog ib xib xub, thiab nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los txhawb thiab printing electromagnets thiab log hom. Nyob rau ib tug raug log engraved nrog tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ua zauv. Thaum start-up nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub kis tau tus mob ntaus ntawv ntawm qhov tam sim no pulses mus txog ntawm cov kab, cov printing apparatus tau txais cov electromagnet yog txhais nias daim ntawv Web site rau cov qauv log thiab sau rau ntawm daim ntawv tau txais kos npe rau.

apparatus Hughes

American inventor David Edward Hughes pom zoo nyob rau hauv telegraphy txoj kev uas yuav synchronous lag luam, lub tsev nyob rau hauv 1855 teleprinter uas txheem log tas mus li kev sib hloov. Lub transmitter ntawm no ntaus ntawv yog tus keyboard-hom piano, nrog 28 dub thiab dawb lub lag luam, uas tau inflicted cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ua zauv.

Nyob rau hauv 1865, Hughes machines tau ntsia rau lub koom haum ntawm hlua taws xob kev pab cuam ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow, thiab ces kis tau thoob plaws hauv Russia. Cov pab kiag li lawm tau lug siv kom txog thaum lub 30-ies ntawm XX caug xyoo.

Bodo apparatus

Hughes apparatus yuav tsis muab cov kev kub ceev thaiv thiab kev siv ntawm qhov link no. Yog li ntawd, yuav hloov tau cov pab kiag li lawm tuaj ntau hlua taws xob pab kiag li lawm, tsim nyob rau hauv 1874 los ntawm qhov Fabkis engineer Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo Tus ntaus ntawv tso cai simultaneous kis tau tus mob ntawm ob peb hlua taws xob neeg teb xov tooj nyob rau hauv tib txoj kab ob peb telegrams nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qhia. Lub apparatus comprises ib distributor, thiab ob peb kis thiab tau txais kev pab kiag li lawm. transmitter keypad muaj tsib lub lag luam. Yuav kom txhim kho txoj kev ua hauj lwm zoo ntawm kev siv cov kev sib txuas lus kab siv nyob rau hauv lub apparatus Bodo xws transmitter apparatus nyob rau hauv uas lub kis cov ntaub ntawv kho telegrapher manually.

hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam

Cov kis ntaus ntawv (keyboard) tshuab ib lub chaw nres tsheb yog txiav kev cob cog rua ntawm lub kab luv sij hawm mus rau lub duas paub receivers. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov kev twb kev txuas thiab switching raug moments ntawm ntais muab distributors. hlua taws xob pace ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yuav tsum coincide nrog lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm distributors. Txhuam li qub kis tau tus mob thiab kev txais tos yuav tsum tig synchronously thiab nyob rau hauv theem. Nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm kis thiab tau txais kev pab kiag li lawm kev cob cog rua rau lub distributor, qhov kev kawm hlua taws xob Bodo yog hom twg 2500-5000 lus ib teev.

Tus thawj units tau ntsia rau Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" hlua taws xob nyob rau hauv 1904. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov pab kiag li lawm yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub hlua taws xob network ntawm lub USSR thiab siv kom txog thaum lub 50s.

Inching ntaus ntawv

Inching hlua taws xob cim ib lub tshiab rau theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hlua taws xob technology. Tus ntaus ntawv yog me me, thiab nws yog ib ntau yooj yim rau koj khiav lag luam. Nws tshuab style keyboard siv rau cov thawj lub sij hawm. Cov zoo tau coj mus rau lub fact tias los ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub 50s Bodo machines raug kiag li raug thawb tawm ntawm lub hlua taws xob cov ntsiab lus.

Great pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm domestic start-nres li muaj A. F. Shorin thiab L. I. Treml, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub domestic kev lag luam nyob rau hauv 1929 pib tsim ib tug tshiab hlua taws xob system. Txij li thaum 1935, tsis siv neeg transmitter (transmitter) thiab ib tug receiver Circuit Court (reperforator) pib lawm ntaus ntawv ua qauv ST-35, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1960 lub rau lawv tau tsim.

encoding

Txij li thaum lub ntaus ntawv PT-35 siv rau hlua taws xob sib txuas lus kiag li lawm nrog rau Bodo, tshwj xeeb code №1, uas differed ntawm lub niaj zaus thoob ntiaj teb code rau start-nres tsheb (№2) code tau tsim rau lawv.

Tom qab decommissioning Bodo pab kiag li lawm tsis xav mus siv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog ib tug uas tsis yog-tus qauv start-nres code, thiab tag nrho cov CT-35 tam sim no park twb pauv mus rau lub thoob ntiaj teb code №2. Cov pab kiag li lawm lawv tus kheej, raws li ib tug modernized, thiab ib tug tshiab kev tsim, tau txais lub npe ST-2 m thiab stÃ-2 m (nrog tsiaj ntawv ua pib automation).

Rolling cav tov

Ntxiv uas nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union tau laws ntawv tau cov tawm tsam nws, los tsim ib tug heev npaum yob hlua taws xob. Nws peculiarity yog tias cov ntawv nyeem sau kab los ntawm kab nyob rau hauv dav daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv, zoo li ib teev-matrix tshuab luam ntawv. High kev kawm thiab muaj peev xwm hloov loj nyiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb xwb tsis rau tib yam neeg, tab sis rau cov chaw tswj thiab tsoom fwv cov koom haum.

• Round Hlau T-63 tshuab nruab nrog peb sau: Latin, Lavxias teb sab thiab cov. Nrog kev pab los ntawm punched daim kab xev yuav tau txais thiab kis cov ntaub ntawv. Printing yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau daim ntawv yob 210 hli.
• Suab yob hluav taws xob hlua taws xob PTA-80 tso cai rau koj mus teem yuav ua li cas manually los yog txiav xa thiab tau txais ntawv xa tuaj.
• Apparatus RTM-51 thiab PTA-50-2 yog siv rau cov lus teev number case 13-hli daim kab xev thiab ib tug qauv yob ntawv dav (215 hli). Lub tshuab prints ib feeb mus txog rau 430 cim.

Kawm

Telegraphs, cov duab uas yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab tsev cia puav pheej miv, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv accelerating kev kawm. Dua li ntawm qhov ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus xov tooj sib txuas lus, cov pab kiag li lawm yog tsis tau ploj mus rau hauv oblivion, thiab hloov zuj zuj mus rau hauv lub niaj hnub fax machines thiab ntau sophisticated hluav taws xob hlua taws xob.

Teb, kawg hlua taws xob hlau, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Indian lub xeev ntawm Goa, twb kaw Lub Xya hli ntuj 14, 2014. Dua li ntawm qhov enormous thov (5000 telegrams txhua hnub), cov kev pab cuam yog unprofitable. Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov xeem hlua taws xob lub tuam txhab Western Union tau ceased mus nqa tawm ncaj qha zog nyob rau hauv 2006, ntawm remittances. Meanwhile, lub era ntawm Telegraphs yog tsis tshaj, thiab tau tsiv mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob ib puag ncig. Central ntaus xov tooj Russia, tab sis yog significantly txo neeg ua hauj lwm, tseem mus ua kom tiav nws cov luag num, txij li thaum nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub zos nyob rau hauv lub loj heev cheeb tsam nws yog tau coj ib lub xov tooj kab thiab internet.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub sij hawm hlua taws xob raws nqa los ntawm zaus thaiv, cov feem ntau los ntawm cable thiab xov tooj cua relay mus. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm zaus telegraphy yog qhov tseeb hais tias nws tso cai rau ib tug qauv xov tooj channel miv los ntawm 17 mus 44 hlua taws xob raws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, zaus thaiv enables mus nqa tawm zoo yam kev sib txuas lus kev ncua deb. Cov kev sib txuas lus network muaj li ntawm zaus raws thaiv, yooj yim txij nkawm, thiab tseem muaj ib tug yooj uas tso cai rau tsim circuitous kev taw qhia tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kab kev taw qhia. Zaus thaiv yog li ntawd yooj yim, yig thiab txhim khu kev qha, uas yog tam sim no hlua taws xob raws DC yog siv tsawg tsawg.