Tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cell

Nws yog tsim los hais tias yim caum-rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Yuav tsum ceev nrooj lub neej, nees nkaum tsib yam khoom tsim nyog, uas kaum yim yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj, thiab xya yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Xws li ntawm cov tshuaj chiv muaj nitrogen thiab hydrogen, cov pa thiab cov pa oxygen muaj txog 98% ntawm nws cov hnyav. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm yam yog tsawg heev. Yog li, piv txwv li, leej faj yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 0.15-0.2%, thiab cov sib koom ntawm iodine tsuas yog 0.000001%.

Tshuaj hlwb muaj xws li roj molecules, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, carbon dioxide, oxygen thiab dej. Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv, ua tsis tau zoo, tag nrho cov khoom ua ke ua ke tsis muaj nyob rau qhov twg.

Nucleic acids muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hlwb, yog cov caj qaum ntawm ribonucleic thiab deoxyribonucleic acids. DNA thiab RNA yog cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj ntsuam (genetic).

Proteins muab lub neej ntawm cov hlwb thiab, ntxiv rau, ua rau kev ua tiav ntawm lawv cov haujlwm. Cov feem ntawm proteins nyiaj rau ib nrab ntawm qhuav loj ntawm lub cell.

Cov tshuaj no muaj feem xyuam nrog cov amino acids. Vim lub cev thiab tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids, cov proteins uas yog nyob hauv lub xovtooj ntawm cov xov tooj cua.

Lub hom qauv ntawm cov protein zoo nkaus li raws li ib tug filament. Tom qab (raws li muab ua ke), ib qho kev ua tau zoo (zoo sib xws), ua raws li kev ua qauv zoo ib yam li fibril (qaum) lossis globule (pellet). Thaum ob peb lub lwg me me nrog lwm tus los yog thaum lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj nonprotein, muaj quaternary tsim tshwm sim. Yog li, piv txwv, ib qho hemoglobin molecule yog tsim. Nws muaj globin (protein) thiab heme, ib feem ntawm non-protein keeb kwm muaj hlau.

Raws li lub ntsiab lus lom, proteins yog muab faib ua peb pawg. Enzymes muaj rau thawj pab pawg. Lawv yog cov lom catalysts ntawm tshuaj tshua. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg muaj xws li kev kho kom haum xeeb, cov tshuaj hormones thiab lwm cov "proteins" tshwj xeeb. Pab pawg neeg thib peb muaj cov khoom ua muaj zog. Lawv yog cov tsim nyog rau daim ntawv rov ntxiv thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cell.

Lub sijhawm muaj phospholipids (fatty molecules). Fats pab txhawb rau kev txuag ntawm tshav kub, ua ib lub tshav kub insulator. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov dej yog tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tau tsim muaj thaum hlawv ib kilo roj, ib kilogram thiab ib puas gram dej tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov rog no, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cell, yog ib qhov chaw tsis muaj zog.

Zog kuj tsim los ntawm carbohydrates, feem ntau cov piam thaj thiab nws cov polymer - glycogen. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb teev tias lub zog ntawm roj yog 6 zaus siab dua li ntawm glycogen. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws reserves nyob rau hauv cov leeg thiab daim siab yog peb caug zaug dua.

Dej kuj nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm lub cell. Nws tau tsim muaj txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov ncauj hniav kabmob (cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev) muaj kaum feem pua dej. Hauv ntau lub hlwb, H2O nyiaj rau xya caum rau yim feem pua, hauv cov pob txha hlwb nws yog nees nkaum feem pua.

Dej, raws li paub, yog qhov hnyav universal. Nrog kev koom tes ntawm H2O, cov cai tswj kev kub yog nqa tawm. Kuj, txhua yam biochemical cellular tshua coj qhov chaw hauv nws. Dej txiav txim siab txog ntau lub cev. Piv txwv, elasticity, ntim thiab lwm yam ntxwv yog tsim muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, dej yuav siv sij hawm ib feem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom, kev thauj khoom ntawm cov as-ham, oxygen thiab lwm yam, txhawb nqa cov metabolism.

Nyob hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub zog hloov, oxygen nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb. Nws yog ib qho oxidizer haib tshaj plaws. Ib tug ntawm cov xaus-khoom ntawm cellular ua pa yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide.