Tsim tawm ntawm Golden Horde

Kub ntawm Horde tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab nws yog tiag tiag ib lub xeev muaj zog. Muaj ntau lub teb chaws ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog nws. Nyuj qe ua zug ua cov hauj lwm ntawm Mongol, thiab lawv tsis paub txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Lawv tau zoo siab los ntawm kev ua tub rog, uas yog vim li cas lawv tau zoo caij tus neeg caij tsheb. Nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus hais tias cov Mongols tsis siv rau hauv lawv cov neeg qaug zog thiab cowardly neeg.

Nyob rau hauv 1206 Genghis Khan ua ib tug zoo khan, uas nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Temuchin. Nws tau tswj kom muaj ntau pab pawg neeg. Nrog ib tug muaj zog tub rog muaj peev xwm ua, Genghis Khan thiab nws pab tub rog tau kov yeej East Asia, Tangut lub nceeg vaj, sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj, Kauslim thiab Central Asia. Yog li pib lub tsim ntawm Golden Horde.

Lub xeev ntawd kub ntev li rau txog li ob puas xyoo. Nws twb tsim rau lub ruins ntawm tus faj tim teb chaws ntawm Genghis Khan thiab yog ib tug haib nom tswv chaw nyob rau hauv lub Dasht-i-Kipchak. Lub Golden Horde tuaj tom qab tuag Khazar Khanate, nws yog heiress ntawm nomadic pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub hom phiaj, uas tsim ntawm Golden Horde tau teem rau nws tus kheej, yog mus muaj ib ceg ntawm lub (sab qaum teb) Cov Loj Txoj Kev Silk Road.

Sab hnub tuaj hais tias nyob rau hauv 1230 ib qho kev sibtham loj, muaj txog 30,000 Mongol, tshwm nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam ntawm Hiav Txwv Cas Kas. Nws yog ib qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg Meskas Polytechnic, lawv raug hu ua Kypchaks. Cov tub rog Mongolian pab tub rog tau mus rau sab hnub poob. Ntawm txoj kev uas cov tub rog tau kov yeej cov Volga Bulgars thiab Bashkirs, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau ntes cov Polovtsian av.

Genghis Khan tsa hauv tebchaws Polovtsian ua haiv neeg (thaj av ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman) Juchi rau nws tus tub hlob, leej twg, zoo li nws txiv tuag hauv 1227. Kev ua tiav ntawm cov tebchaws no yog yeej los ntawm Genghis Khan, uas yog Batu. Nws nrog nws pab tub rog subjugated Ulus Juchi thiab nyob ntawm lub Lower Volga nyob rau hauv 1242-1243.

Hauv cov xyoo no, Mongolian xeev tau muab faib ua plaub feem. Golden Horde yog thawj lub xeev hauv lub xeev. Txhua yam ntawm tus plaub tub Genghis Khan muaj nws ulus: Coulagot (nyob ntawm no muaj ib ncig ntawm lub Caucasus, lub Persian Gulf thiab as territories); Jagatai (suav nrog thaj chaw tam sim no-hnub Kazakhstan thiab Central Asia); Ogadei (nws muaj Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, Northern China thiab Transbaikalia) thiab Juchi (qhov no yog Dub Hiav Txwv thiab thaj tsam Volga). Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab yog Ugadei Ulus. Nyob rau hauv Mongolia yog lub peev ntawm Mongolian thoob ntiaj teb - Karakorum. Ntawm no tag nrho lub xeev cov txheej xwm coj qhov chaw, tus thawj coj ntawm kagan yog tus thawj txiv neej ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Cov Mongolian troops twb tub rog, pib lawv tawm tsam Ryazan thiab Vladimir princedoms. Cov nroog Lavxias tau ua dua lub hom phiaj rau kev kov yeej thiab kev ua qhev. Tsuas yog Novgorod sawv ntsug xwb. Hauv ob xyoos tom qab no, cov Mongolian troops tau muab tag nrho rau hauv Lavxias lawm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub tsiv hostilities Batu Khan poob ib nrab ntawm nws pab tub rog.

Lavxias princes tau sib cais thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm Golden Horde thiab yog li ntawd txom nyem tas li defeats. Batu kov yeej cov teb chaws Russia thiab taxed cov pejxeem hauv zos nrog tribute. Alexander Nevsky yog thawj tus uas tau tswj hwm nrog Horde thiab ntes ncua kev ua tub rog.

Nyob rau hauv lub sixties ib tsov rog ntawm lub uluses coj qhov chaw, uas cim lub breakup ntawm Golden Horde, uas cov neeg Russians siv. Nyob rau hauv 1379 Dmitry Donskoi tsis kam them tribute thiab tua cov Mongolian generals. Hauv teb, Mongolian Khan Mamai tawm tsam Rus. Nws pib sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, nyob rau hauv uas Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog swb lawm. Lawv kev vam khom ntawm Horde ua tsis tseem ceeb thiab cov Mongol pab tawm ntawm Russia. Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Golden Horde tau tiav lawm.

Lub Mongol-Mongol cuab khuam txuas ntxiv rau 240 xyoo thiab xaus nyob rau hauv lub yeej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab, txawm li ntawd los, tsim ntawm Golden Horde tsis tau overestimated. Tsaug rau Mongolian tus quab ntawm lub teb chaws Lavxias pib pib sib tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab, uas tau ntxiv dag zog thiab ua rau lub xeev Lavxias teb chaws muaj zog tshaj. Historians kwv yees tsim ntawm Golden Horde raws li ib theem tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho ntawm Russia.