Tsis pes tsawg kub - molecular zog txiav taw tes

Lub sij hawm "kub" muaj nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum physicists xav hais tias hauv lub sov lub cev yuav muaj li ntawm ntau tej tshuaj - caloric - hauv tib lub cev, tab sis txias. Thiab qhov kub thiab txias tau kho raws li ib tug nqi sib nug xov mus rau lub nqi ntawm caloric nyob rau hauv lub cev. Txij li thaum lub kub ntawm tej lub cev yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv degrees. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm lub kinetic zog ntawm tsiv molecules, thiab, nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, nws yuav tsum tau ntsuas nyob rau hauv joules, raws li SI units.

Lub sij hawm "tsis pes tsawg kub" los ntawm tus thib ob txoj cai ntawm thermodynamics. Raws li nws lub tshav kub hloov los ntawm ib tug txias rau ib tug kub lub cev tsis yooj yim sua. Cov tswvyim no twb qhia los ntawm lub British physicist William Thomson. Nws tau nyob rau hauv physics, tus poj huab tais ntawm ces twb pom ib tug knighthood "Tus Tswv" thiab lub npe "Baron Kelvin." Nyob rau hauv 1848 g. Thomson (Tswv Kelvin) npaj siab siv ib tug kub scale, nyob rau hauv uas lub starting taw tes rau tau txais tsis pes tsawg kub coj mus rau tus mob khaub thuas txwv thiab scale division coj degrees celsius. Lub tsev ntawm Kelvin kub yog 1/27316 feem triple point ntawm dej (txog 0 DEG. C), i.e. kub uas tus dej ntshiab yog muab ib zaug nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv: cov dej khov, ua kua dej thiab chav. Tsis pes tsawg kub - yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tau qis tshaj kub uas molecular tsab ntawv tsa suab yog nres thiab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw dua tau mus extract lub thermal zog. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub scale ntawm meej kub twb muaj npe los ntawm nws lub npe.

Qhov kub yog ntsuas nyob rau txawv scales

Cov feem ntau siv kub scale yog hu ua "cov Celsius scale." Nws yuav ua tau rau ob lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov theem kev hloov kub ntawm cov kua dej mus rau hauv chav thiab dej mus rau hauv cov dej khov. A. Celsius nyob rau hauv 1742, npaj ib tug deb ntawm reference cov ntsiab lus muab faib ua 100 Team sib, thiab cov kub point ntawm cov dej coj raws li pes tsawg, thiab cov khov taw tes ntawm 100 degrees. Tab sis lub Swede Linnaeus npaj siab mus ua cov lus rov. Txij li thaum dej freezes nyob rau ntawm lub xoom degrees Celsius AA. Txawm tias lub caij nyoog Celsius nws yuav tsum rhaub. Tsis pes tsawg Celsius sau raws nkaus Ii rho tawm 273,16 degrees Celsius.

Muaj ntau ntau kub dos: Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. Lawv muaj sib txawv siv cov ntsiab lus thiab tus nqi ntawm qhov kev sib faib. Piv txwv li scale Reaumur ntas kuj yog ua rau cov kub thiab freezing point ntawm cov dej, tiam sis nws muaj 80 pawg. Fahrenheit scale, uas nyob rau hauv 1724, siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub tsuas nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, incl USA ..; siv cov ntsiab lus: ib tug - sib tov ntawm cov dej khov dej kub - ammonia thiab lwm yam - lub tib neeg lub cev. Cov teev yog muab faib ua ib puas graduations. Xoom sau raws nkaus Ii 32 Celsius degrees Fahrenheit. Neeg txhais lus degrees Fahrenheit yuav ua tau raws li cov mis: F = 1,8 C + 32. Rov Neeg txhais lus: C = (F - 32) / 1.8, qhov twg: F - degrees Fahrenheit, C - degrees Centigrade. Yog hais tias koj yog ib yam nkaus thiab tub nkeeg mus suav, mus rau lub kev pab hauv internet txhais Celsius kom Fahrenheit. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ncej, ntaus lub xov tooj ntawm degrees Celsius, nias lub "Xam" khawm, xaiv cov "Fahrenheit" thiab nias rau "Start". Cov tshwm sim yuav tshwm sim tam sim ntawd.

Rankine scale yog muaj npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm cov lus Askiv (los yog es Scottish) physicist William J .. Rankin, uas yog ib tug kawm ntawm Calvin, thiab ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Kev Thermodynamics. Nyob rau hauv nws cov scale peb tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus: pib - tsis pes tsawg khov taw tes ntawm dej 491,67 degrees Rankine thiab boiling dej 671,67 degrees. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov kev sib cais ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam xyuas dej thiab nws cov kub thiab nyob rau hauv Rankin, thiab yog 180 Fahrenheit.

Feem ntau ntawm cov dos yog heev dua lwm yam physics. Thiab 40% ntawm cov neeg teb nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawm American cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm tiav cov chav kawm tau hais tias lawv tsis paub dab tsi tus tsis pes tsawg kub.