Tuam Tshoj: Lub Cheebtsam ntawm lub pre-revolutionary Crisis

Okoloburzhuaznye kev cai monarchy thiab bourgeois voj voog, coj los ntawm Chzhan Tszyanem demanded tsis flashy, tab sis ib tug tiag tiag Modernization ntawm Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub xeev advisory committees yuav tsum 1909- 1911 biennium. Ntshai mas voj voog rau teb txoj hmoo, Lavxias teb sab-Japanese tsov rog ntawm 1904-1905., Yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau Suav av, ib tug tragic piv txwv ntawm Kauslim Teb, nyob rau hauv 1910 annexed los ntawm Nyiv, qhov ntev-sawv teeb meem ntawm cov kev cai tawm tsam thiab kev tsis xav kom muab lawv txoj haujlwm Manchu despotism tsim thawj feem ntawm cov pre-revolutionary kev kub ntxhov.

Nws yog tus thib ob feem ntawm cov revolutionary kev ywj pheej zog coj los mas suav revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. Lawv nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894, twb tsim tau "lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm Tuam Tshoj Union" mus rhuav lub Manchu txoj cai. By 1905, Tuam Tshoj twb tau ob peb revolutionary cov koom haum. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig ntawm 1905 thiab qhib nws lub era ntawm "awakening ntawm cov teb chaws Asia" pib lub loj hlob sai ntawm cov revolutionary anti-Manchu sentiment. Lub teb chaws liberation zog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tau nkag mus hauv ib tug tshiab theem. Nyob rau hauv 1905, nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Sun Yat-sen thiab Huang Sina merged ntau yam revolutionary cov koom haum nyob rau hauv lub "Association ntawm lub Union." Tuam Tshoj Cheebtsam prerevolutionary ntsoog ...

Qhov thib peb feem ntawm cov pre-revolutionary ntsoog yog tus ntse nce nyob rau hauv lub "laus suav riots", piv txwv li. E. Ntuj thiab tawg khiav ri niab anti-Manchu, antinalogovyh uprisings thiab tshaib plab (mov) riots, feem ntau coj los pub leejtwg societies. Cov loj heev thiab tag nrho cov loj hlob zog ho tuav lub Qing regime.

Qhov thib plaub feem ntawm cov maturing ntawm ib tug revolutionary teeb meem no twb "economic" txav bourgeoisified gentry, cov tswv av thiab cov bourgeoisie nws tus kheej tiv thaiv cov domination ntawm txawv teb chaws peev. Los ntawm 1905 mus 1911, lub teb chaws tau dhau ib tug series ntawm boycotts antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), tus tawm tsam rau "rov qab txoj cai" mus ntes txawv teb chaws tsuas concessions (1906- 1910), tiv thaiv txawv teb chaws nyiaj txais rau railway kev tsim kho thiab rau lub purchase ntawm railway concessions (1907-1908 ). Muaj loj phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm domestic Enterprises, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kev siv ntawm cov chaw rau Suav Huguanskih railways, thiab ces - "Kev pab tiv thaiv ntawm railways" (1911). Nationalization ntawm lub Qing tsoom fwv ntawm private railway tuam txhab uas muag Huguanskih txoj kev tshwm sim los nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj-Lub kaum hli ntuj 1911 uprising nyob rau hauv Sichuan - tus thawj theem ntawm lub Xinhai kiv puag ncig. Lub kaum hli ntuj 10, 1911 muaj ib lub uprising nyob rau hauv Wuchang qhov chaw "tshiab tub rog" coj los revolutionaries. Lub nroog yog tsim los ntawm cov tub rog tsoom fwv, uas hais tias cov overthrow ntawm lub Qing monarchy thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

Tom qab no, 14 lub xeev tshaj tawm hais tias lawv muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm Beijing. Thaum ua tsis tau tejyam nrog cov hluav ntawm lub revolutionary zog, lub Ch'ing muab lub lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub capital rau General Yuan Shikai - protégé ntawm Internal tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab imperialist powers. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis, cov delegates ntawm ywj siab xeev sau nyob rau hauv Nanjing, hnub Yat-sen raug xaiv tus thawj tswj hwm thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub Nanking tsoom fwv. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws muaj lub "dual lub hwj chim" - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam mus rau lub revolutionary North South. Cov heev ntawm lub zos cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab powers mus rau lub Nanking tsoom fwv, raws li zoo raws li cov kev hloov liberals con stitutsionalistov sab ntawm Yuan Shikai tsim ib tug kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus North. Tshav Yat-sen yuav tsum tau muab cov pawg thawj tswj hwm no xwb nyob rau hauv pauv rau ib lub renunciation ntawm lub Manchu dynasty nyob rau hauv 1912. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Qing monarchy Thawj Tswj Hwm Yuan Shikai tau txais los ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua powers .zaem reorganization rau ntsaub nws lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1913 nws poob rau hauv cov ntshav qhia tawm tsam nws zog nyob rau hauv lub central thiab yav qab teb xeev.

Tuam Tshoj: Lub Cheebtsam ntawm pre-revolutionary ntsoog