Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov me nyuam sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua thiab lawv tej hauj lwm

Cov me nyuam tej hauj lwm nyob ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm lwm cov hom ntawm cov ntawv tseeb, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm ib tug neeg, nws system ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Txhua kab lis kev cai lub ntsiab ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem, txoj cai thiab tsis ncaj ncees lawm, zoo nkauj thiab dab tuag, cia li thiab tsis ncaj ncees. Raws li cov me nyuam peb nqus qhov tseem ceeb uas nrog peb nyob rau ib tug lub neej. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov me nyuam, yog li, yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav underestimated.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tus yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov me nyuam cov phau ntawv - ib tug ua ke ntawm artistry thiab pedagogical yuav tsum. Tej ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tsuas lom zem tab sis kuj los mus qhia, coj, los orient. Cov me nyuam sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua (thiab lawv tej hauj lwm, ntawm chav kawm) sim pab qhia rau cov me nyuam cov tseem ceeb paub txog lub ntiaj teb no, qhia kev qhuab qhia txoj cai tseem ceeb.

Xav txog ob lub teb chaws - teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab Russia - thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov me nyuam tej hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws, peb pom hais tias qhov no yog muaj tseeb tiag. Literature ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua, sau ntawv thiab lawv tej hauj lwm tseem ceeb no rau koj.

British cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua

Peb txhua tus muaj ib tug nyiam phau ntawv los ntawm thaum yau fairy taleas "Alice nyob rau hauv Wonderland", "Lub Kid thiab Karlsson rau lub ru tsev", "Matilda", "Thumbelina", "Gulliver lub tsev" thiab "Robinson Crusoe" (daim ntawv no, ntawm chav kawm txhua leej txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej). Tab sis xav hais tias peb yuav tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ces, uas yuav peb ces nyeem?

Los ntawm cov saum toj no daim ntawv teev, peb yuav tau yuav xwb ib phau ntawv "Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo (1719) thiab "Gulliver lub tsev" los ntawm Jonathan Swift (1726) nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb version rau cov me nyuam, sau ntawv los ntawm simplified lus, uas muaj ntau ntau cov duab.

Tab sis qhov no txhais hais tias nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua English me nyuam muaj ib yam dabtsi los nyeem ntawv? Wb fim nws.

Qhov tseeb hais tias fairy tales tau yeej ib txwm muaj, thiab cov tsis muaj lawv yeej tsis tshwm sim. Txawm tias thaum muaj twb tsis muaj hom lus sau rau, lawv dhau los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus dab neeg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 17-18 centuries, nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm printing, nws pib tshwm ntau thiab ntau kev sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv particular cov me nyuam. Tales ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li tam sim no, fascinated thiab ntshai cov me nyuam, tsim zoo heev worlds uas absorbed los ntawm txhua hnub kev txhawj xeeb rau cov neeg laus yeej tsis pom zoo txog.

Ntawm no yog cov cia li ib tug yooj yim cov me nyuam sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua thiab lawv tej hauj lwm.

"Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo

Peb rov qab mus rau lub teb ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, yog tias tej zaum kuv yuav hais li ntawd, ib tug tiag tiag "zoo tshaj plaws seller" yog ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm Defoe. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Robinson Crusoe" extolled lub siab tawv, rau siab ntso, tib neeg ingenuity, yuam kom nyob rau hauv cov huab tej yam kev mob. Nws nyiam zoo chaw raws li ib tug fairy taleas ntawm Jonathan Swift, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog tus sau lub tsis txaus siab mus rau lub foundations ntawm tshiab qhov ntev thiab horizons.

"Gulliver lub tsev" los ntawm Jonathan Swift

Cov kev vam meej ntawm "Gulliver lub tsev" coj txawm mus rau lub fact tias pib tshwm lwm cov phau ntawv rau cov me nyuam, uas hais yuav nyeem lub siab xav xyaum cov khoom no, nrog cov lus "Gulliver" thiab "midget" nyob rau hauv lub npe uas ua rau ib tug tej yam koom haum. Ib tug ntawm cov earliest piv txwv - tawm nyob rau hauv 1751 cov me nyuam 'magazine Lilliput, "tus creator ntawm uas yog Dzhon Nyuberi, ib tug txawj sau ntawv los ntawm London. Lwm cov piv txwv - "Lilliputian Library los yog tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Gulliver" nyob rau hauv kaum tagnrho ntawm loj me me, luam tawm nyob rau hauv Dublin nyob rau hauv lub 1780s. Phau ntawv no tau raug hais tso tawm rau cov me nyuam, thiab nws tus nqi yog tsawg, yog li ntawd cov me nyuam yuav them taus los yuav nws. Cov tag nrho cov nqi ntawm 10 tagnrho tsuas yog tsib British shillings, thiab tus neeg qhov chaw yuav yuav nyob rau sixpence txhua. Txawm li cas los, txawm no kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi tseem yog loj heev rau ntau cov me nyuam thiab lawv niam lawv txiv. Tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsev neeg uas cov middle thiab high nyiaj khwv tau los yuav them taus los yuav cov phau ntawv thiab muaj literate txaus los nyeem nws.

lwm cov phau ntawv

Pheej Yig phau ntawv nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm nrov ntaub ntawv twb muaj thiab muaj mus rau hauv lub tsawg affluent seem ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov muaj me nyuam dab neeg, keeb kwm, mus ncig teb chaws, kev hu nkauj, kev thov Vajtswv, cov dab neeg hais txog tub sab, tub sab thiab tua neeg. Cov tagnrho nyob ntawm cov neeg pluag zoo thiab muag rau ib tug los yog ob tug pennies.

Nyob rau hauv 1712, muaj ib tug txhais lus Askiv ntawm tus naas ej Arabian tales "Txhiab thiab ib tug Nights."

Raws li koj tau pom, cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm nquag tsim nyob rau hauv ces. Thiab yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Russia? Nyeem txog nws nyob rau hauv.

Lavxias teb sab me nyuam phau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua

Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj yog ua tau cov me nyuam sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua thiab lawv tej hauj lwm (thawj Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv sau rau cov me nyuam tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev rau peb lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, lub 18th xyoo pua txuas ntxiv no kev lig kev cai).

Lub era ntawm Peter Kuv muab ib tug impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv, tshwj xeeb yog cov me nyuam tej ntaub ntawv. King nws tus kheej ntseeg hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas cov kev qhia ntawv rau cov hluas tiam. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, cov me nyuam phau ntawv tsim txom mas kev kawm lub hom phiaj. Sau phau ntawv, tsiaj ntawv thiab primers.

"Cov hluas ncaj ncees daim iav"

Cov sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua (Lavxias teb sab) daim ntawv teev cov me nyuam txoj kev nyeem ntaub ntawv uas qhib kev kawm ntawv. Lub "Cov hluas ncaj ncees daim iav" yuav raug muab rau ib qho piv txwv. Qhov no poizvedenii piav cov kev cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub, uas tau nkag mus hauv nws kho ntawm Peter I. Phau ntawv no yog muab ua vaj ntxwv los ntawm nws nyob ze tus kheej kev txiav txim. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub sau ntawv ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov khoom, sawv Gabriel Buzhinskiy. Cov phau ntawv, cov lwm yam, tau muab tso rau cov ntaub ntawv rau txawv, cov tsiaj ntawv, lo lus. Meant "Cov hluas ncaj ncees daim iav" ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej cov neeg tseem ceeb, cov nyiaj them yug ntawm tus huab tais - cov me nyuam uas tom qab mus ua courtiers. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, lub ntsiab lub tswv yim yog hais tias kawm tau ntawv zoo yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntau tsis yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus txiv neej thiab nws tus kheej txoj hauj lwm zoo, txawm hais tias nws twb nyuab siab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg. Taw thiab criticized nws vices. Rau cov ntxhais ib tug tshwj xeeb code ntawm cov kev nees nkaum virtues raug tsim, cov uas yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg pab, silence, kev cai dab qhuas, zog ua hauj lwm. Cov sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua (Lavxias teb sab) Daim ntawv teev cov poj niam virtues qhia nab tus xeeb ntxwv, piv txwv li, tsim ib tug tiag tiag li poj niam cim nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm.

txhais ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kis thiab txhais ntaub ntawv, xws li Aesop lub fables. Cov lus ntsuag, sau nyob rau hauv lub 6 xyoo pua BC. e. sage Aesop, zoo txais los ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj peev xwm los qhia lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cim - tsiaj, noog, ntoo, paj ... Aesop tus ntsuag cia tso dag thiab kev ua si los mus kov yeej lawv vices thiab tsim associative xav.

Tom qab 50-ies pib tshwm rau hauv lub tiag tiag cov me nyuam sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua thiab lawv tej hauj lwm. Tsis tau lub ib thooj ntawm cov me nyuam cov phau ntawv borrowed los ntawm sab hnub poob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Fabkis). Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, ntawm chav kawm, tus naas ej Fabkis storyteller Sharlya Perro xyoo pua 17th. Nws fairy taleas "Cinderella," "Tsaug zog Kev zoo nkauj," "Me ntsis liab caij Hood," "Bluebeard" yog paub thiab hlub los ntawm cov me nyuam thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Tsis tsuas yog txawj nyeem ntawv tab sis kuj paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov hauj lwm.

Cov sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua

Daim ntawv teev cov opens Feofan Prokopovich. Qhov no sau tau sau ob phau ntawv rau cov me nyuam - "Luv luv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm" thiab "thawj qhia cov tub hluas." Nyob rau hauv cov phau mus rau ob phau ntawv, nws hais tias nws cov me nyuam tseem yau - ib tug tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm txhua tus tib neeg, raws li nws yog ces, qhov yooj yim cim sijhawm thiab cwj pwm tsis zoo. Cov me nyuam yuav tsum nyeem cov phau ntawv thiab hlub lawv.

Catherine II

Tsis tsuas yog kev sau ntawv thiab paj huam los ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua tsim ib tug me nyuam phau ntawv. Txawm cov thawj coj xam tau tias yog nws lawv lub luag hauj lwm qhia lawv tus kheej cov tub ntxhais hluas. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias piv txwv li lub Catherine II. Nws tau tsim ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej hauj lwm, cov uas yog menyuam yaus cov phau ntawv, xws li "Lub taleas ntawm Tsarevich tshuaj chlorine ua kom" thiab "Lub taleas ntawm Tsarevich Fivee". Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lawv nyob deb ntawm lub fairy tales nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub nkag siab ntawm lo lus, nrog nws tiag tiag li cim thiab muaj nqi heev. Cov hauj lwm tsuas xwm vices thiab virtues feem ntau abstract. Txawm li cas los, cov piv txwv ntawm Catherine II yog kis, thiab nws tom qab ua raws li los ntawm ntau nto moo Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua, tsim tej hauj lwm rau cov me nyuam.

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov

Ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv thiab tau ua Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov. Nws yog tus publisher ntawm cov thawj cov me nyuam magazine - "Cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv rau lub plawv thiab lub siab." Nws luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm txawv lwm yam. Tales, cov dabneeg luv luv, plays, tso dag, thiab lwm yam Tsis tsuas yog tseeb tau raug nthuav nyob rau hauv lub magazine. Nws tau muab tso rau thiab uas tsis yog-ntawv tseeb cov me nyuam cov khoom qhia cov tub ntxhais txawj nyeem ntawv txog qhov xwm, lub ntiaj teb no, txawv teb chaws thiab lub zos, thiab lawv cov neeg. Cov khoom tau sau nab tus xeeb ntxwv, nws yog nthuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham. Novikov nyob rau hauv nws sau qhia cov tswv yim ntawm kev zoo thiab kev tib neeg, tib neeg muaj meej mom, uas, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yuav tsum tau los ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog yuav txhaj tshuaj me nyuam. Lub magazine yog ib tug zoo zoo thiab yog heev nrov thaum lub sij hawm. Nto moo sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua luam tawm nyob rau hauv no tsab.

Nikolay Mihalovich Karamzin

Nws yog tsim nyog los hais ob peb lo lus txog Nikolae Mihayloviche Karamzine. Qhov no txawj sau ntawv tau tsim thiab txhais ntau tshaj 30 ntau cov khoom rau cov me nyuam. Raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm sentimentalism (uas yog ua raws li los ntawm ntau Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th century), ze ze ua rau ib tug me nyuam lub qhov, nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog fond ntawm cov tub ntxhais nruab nrab-hnub nyoog thiab cov laus txawj nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1789, thawj tej hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "Cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv rau lub plawv thiab lub siab." Nikolai Mikhailovich sau rau cov me nyuam thiab tom qab lub kaw ntawm no magazine. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua nws tsim xws tej hauj lwm raws li "zoo nkauj ntxhais fuabtais", "Hundred EVKAWJ Ntoo" thiab "Ilya Muromets". Qhov kawg taleas reflected Lavxias teb sab epics. Qhov no ua hauj lwm twb tsis tau tiav. Ilya Muromets, tsim los ntawm tus sau cwj mem, yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov zoo li ib tug raug hero ntawm lub epic, raws li peb feem ntau yog sawv cev rau nws, thiab tsuas yog cov zoo li tus tom kawg. Lub taleas tsis piav battles nrog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Russia, nws yuav qhib qhov lyrical ntsuj plig ntawm lub los sis Muromtsa nyob rau hauv nrog nws tus hlub. Nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm sentimental Karamzin nthuav dav xwm txoj kev xav ntawm lub cim, tsim ib tug tiag tiag li daim duab.

xaus

Yog li, lub 18th xyoo pua coj ib tug ntau ntawm tej yam tshiab nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv ob qho tag nrho txawv teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Literature rau cov me nyuam nquag txuas ntxiv nws kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Thiab obviously muaj saab laaj nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Piv txwv li, tales Sharlya Perro siv nyob rau hauv ntau embodiments hereinafter Andersen, Pushkina, Grimm cov kwv tij, Irving. Hais tias yog, tus motives ntawm ib co zoo kawg tales coj hauv paus rau lwm qhov chaw. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua thiab nyeem tau hauv 19 thiab tom qab ntawd. Rau cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug txawm ntau dua kev twb kev txuas nrog cov ntawv tseeb rau cov neeg laus, raws li zoo raws li kev kawm ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv feem ntau.