Tus thib ob tiam ntawm computers - kev hloov mus rau transistors

Qhov thib ob tiam ntawm computers yog ib txoj kev hloov mus rau ib tug transistor caij puag thiab cim cov emergence ntawm cov thawj minicomputers.

Nws yog ib tug ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm autonomy hauv paus ntsiab lus - nws yuav ua raws li twb tau ua los ntawm cais pab kiag li lawm, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv lawv cov modular qauv. Input-output los yog nruab nrog lawv Cu hu ua controllers, ua rau nws tau lub liberation ntawm Central Cu los ntawm manipulation ntawm input-output ua hauj lwm.

Qhov thib ob tiam ntawm computers hloov lub tshuab nqus tsev hlab tuaj transistors, raws li zoo raws li nkag tau rau qhov kev siv ntawm magnetic cores thiab reels li nco kiag li lawm, uas yog cov nyob deb pog koob yawg koob niaj hnub no hard disk drives. Vim rau tag nrho cov nrhav dramatically txo qhov luaj li cas thiab tus nqi ntawm computers.

Modernization thiab yuav txo tau cov nqi ntawm no cim ntawm computers pab mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev nqi ntawm laij cov kev pab thiab laij lub sij hawm rau ib tug tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cia li ua hauj lwm ntawm cov zauv ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, tus nqi ntawm daim ntawv thov kev loj hlob (programming) yuav luag tsis txo, thiab tej zaum kuj txawm nce. Yog li, muaj ib tug ib txwm mus zoo programming, uas tau siv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob tiam computer thiab mus txuas ntxiv rau evolve rau tam sim no hnub.

Muab qhov pib rau lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm tus qauv kev siv, kev systems, uas muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm hauj lwm rau lub computers ntawm ntau hom. Cov feem nrov software khoom uas cais nyob rau hauv lub RFP nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav daws tau cov teeb meem ntawm ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv.

Nws yuav txhim kho ntawm technology tua ntawm software khoom rau lub thib ob tiam ntawm computers: muaj tshwj xeeb software - lub system software.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev software yog mus piv rau thiab leeb lub processor switching ntawm kev pab raws qib. Muaj thawj batch khiav tshuab, suab daim ntawv thov rau lub community launch txog ib leeg tau nce coefficient processor load. batch khiav tshuab tau ua tus tsab ntawm hnub no lub operating systems, lawv yog cov thawj system daim ntaub ntawv uas yog tsim los tswj cov computer muaj dab.

Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum lub tsim ib batch ua system, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev los ua hauj lwm tswj cov lus twb tau nqa tawm, uas tus tsim tawm qhia kom meej rau lub cev thiab tus neeg tsav tsheb uas lub lag luam nws xav ua rau lub computer. Ntau cov hauj lwm ua ke nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub lawj ntawm punched phaib lub npe hu ua pob ntawv. Qhov no lub caij tseem yuav tsum tau siv thiab tam sim no: li ntawd-hu ua batch (batch) MS DOS cov ntaub ntawv yog packets ntawm kev pab raws qib (lawv lub npe extension puav yog ib tug tsiaj ntawv rau cov kawm lus Askiv lo lus "batch", lub ntsiab lus "pob"). Rau computers ntawm lub thib ob tiam ntawm domestic ntau lawm txoj kev loj hlob muaj xws li cov nram qab no: "Promin", "Hrazdan", "Minsk", "Kaj siab lug."