Yuav ua li cas yog biotechnology? Lub ntsiab qhia thiab achievements

Koj puas paub tias dab tsi yog biotechnology? Muaj tseeb koj ib yam dab tsi txog nws hnov. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm niaj hnub biology. Nws tau los ua, zoo li physics, ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab science nyob rau hauv lub lig 20th caug xyoo. Ib nrab xyoo dhau los, tsis muaj ib tug paub tias dab tsi biotechnology. Txawm li cas los, nws muab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus paub txog, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. Biotechnology tau txais ib tug haib impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm Fabkis Lui Pastera (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1822-1895). Nws yog tus founder ntawm niaj hnub Immunology thiab microbiology.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, sai tsim noob caj noob ces thiab molecular biology uas nrog kev kho nyob rau hauv physics thiab Science News for KIDS. Thaum lub sij hawm no, feem ntau tseem ceeb cheeb tsam yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev los ntawm cov uas mus faus cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb.

txaws kev tshawb fawb

Nyob rau hauv 1980 muaj ib tug surge nyob rau hauv biotechnology kev tshawb fawb. By lub sij hawm no tus tshiab methodical thiab methodological le caag kom cov kev hloov mus rau qhov kev siv ntawm biotechnology nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm thiab xyaum tau tsim. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm kawm tau los ntawm qhov no loj economic nyhuv. Nws yog npaj tias biotech cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub tshiab xyoo pua, ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub ntiaj teb lawm.

Ua hauj lwm nqa tawm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws

Active biotechnology txoj kev loj hlob coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Lavxias teb sab twb tseem tiav tseem ceeb expansion ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm yam uas lawv tau nyob rau hauv lub 1980s. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no tau tsim thiab siv cov kev pab thawj zaug rau biotechnology rau ib lub teb chaws scale. Tshwj xeeb interdepartmental chaw zov me nyuam, tshwj xeeb kev kawm biotechnologists tau tsim, raws li department thiab kuaj generated nyob rau hauv university thiab kev tshawb fawb tsev.

biotechnology niaj hnub no

Niaj hnub no peb thiaj li accustomed mus rau qhov txoj kev, ob peb heev neeg nug lawv tus kheej: "ua li cas yog biotechnology?" Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, tau paub nws nyob rau hauv kom meej yuav tsis tau superfluous. Niaj hnub nimno dab nyob rau hauv daim teb no yog raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm kev siv DNA hom kev kawm thiab immobilized enzymes, organelles los yog hlwb. Niaj hnub nimno biotechnology yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cellular thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering technologies thiab cov hau kev ntawm kev tsim thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm txhob kaw hloov lom khoom nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua ntu zus los yog kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab hom ntawm cov khoom. Muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw uas peb tam sim no piav qhia txog.

muaj biotechnology

Qhov no kev taw qhia yuav tsum tau qhia raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm liab biotechnology (tshuaj). Nws yog suav hais tias yog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cheeb tsam ntawm biotechnology. Qhia ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm lawv ua si nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj (nyob rau hauv particular, rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cancer). Great tseem ceeb ntawm biotechnology yog nyob rau hauv mob. Lawv yog siv, piv txwv li, thaum koj tsim biosensors, DNA chips. Nyob rau hauv Austria, liab biotechnology niaj hnub no nyiam zoo-deserved paub. Nws txawm pom tau hais tias lub cav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm ceg.

Taug kev mus rau lub tom ntej no yam uas muaj biotechnology. Qhov no ntsuab biotechnology. Nws yog siv thaum lub xaiv ua. Biotechnology tam sim no muaj no tshwj xeeb kev uas cov cuab yeej yog raug tsim los counter tiv thaiv herbicides, cov kab mob, fungi, thiab kab. Tag nrho cov no yog tseem ceeb heev, koj pom.

Rau ib daim teb ntawm ntsuab biotechnology yog ntawm kev tseem ceeb, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering. Nrog nws tau tsim rau hloov noob los ntawm ib tug nroj tsuag tsiaj mus rau lwm yam, thiab yog li zaum muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm resistant cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom.

Grey biotechnology yog siv rau tej kev tiv thaiv. Nws txoj kev siv rau kev huv huv ntawm cov dej, av pab, txhuam tso cua, rau ub.

Tab sis hais tias yog tsis yog txhua txhua. Muaj yog dawb biotechnology, uas npog lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Biotechnological txoj kev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv rau lub muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm ib tug tej taw tes ntawm view thiab npaum zus tau tej cov enzymes, tshuaj tua kab mob, amino acids, vitamins, raws li zoo raws li haus dej haus cawv.

Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg hom. Blue biotechnology yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev daim ntawv thov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm marine biology. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb - lom kab mob uas nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus dej hiav txwv.

Mus rau tom ntej no taw qhia - Cell Engineering.

cellular Engineering

Nws yog koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hybridomas, cloning, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cellular mechanisms, "hybrid" hlwb, compiling caj maps. Pib nws belongs rau 1960 xyoo thaum muaj ib tug qauv ntawm cov hybridization ntawm Somatic hlwb. Nws tau raug kho los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm sau qoob txoj kev, thiab tej txoj kev loj hlob ntaub so ntswg. Somatic hybridization, nyob rau hauv uas hybrids yog tsim tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm kev sib deev txheej txheem, hnub no nqa tawm los ntawm cultivating ntau yam cell kab ntawm tib hom, los yog los ntawm kev siv ntau yam ntawm lub hlwb.

Hybridomas thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus

Hybridomas, piv txwv li hybrids ntawm lymphocytes (qub hlwb ntawm lub cev) thiab tus mob, muaj thaj chaw ntawm cell kab niam txiv. Lawv muaj peev xwm, xws li mob cancer, qhia indefinitely rau as dag xov xwm (ie, yog "immortal"), thiab tej zaum yuav kuj, zoo li lub lymphocytes yuav tsim homogeneous (monoclonal) tshuaj muaj txhais things. Cov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv diagnostic thiab kho cov hom phiaj, raws li reagents nyob rau hauv rhiab organic tshuaj thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lwm cheeb tsam ntawm cell engineering yog lub manipulation ntawm hlwb tsis nuclei nrog dawb nuclei li zoo li lwm yam thooj. Cov manipulations yog txo kom combining qhov chaw ntawm lub cell. Zoo li cov thwmsim nrog dyes los yog microinjection mus rau hauv lub cell chromosome yog nqa tawm los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas lub cytoplasm thiab nucleus cuam tshuam rau txhua lwm yam, dab tsi yam tswj cov kev ua ntawm ntau yam noob, thiab li ntawd.

Siv cov compound nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sib txawv ntawm embryos yog zus thiaj hu ua mosaic tsiaj. Txwv tsis pub, lawv hu ua chimeras. Lawv muaj xws li ntawm 2 hom hlwb nrog txawv genotypes. Los ntawm kev nrhiav seb cov thwmsim, ob qho tib si thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob no tshwm sim ntau yam ntawm ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb.

cloning

Niaj hnub nimno biotechnology yog unthinkable yam uas tsis tau cloning. Sim kawm uas muaj feem rau cov kev hloov ntawm ntau Somatic cell nuclei rau hauv enucleated (i.e. devoid nucleus) qe tsiaj nrog ntxiv sau qoob nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus kab ua embryo tau ua rau decades. Txawm li cas los, lawv tau zoo heev paub txij thaum lub caij xyoo pua 20th. Niaj hnub no peb hu xws thwmsim tsiaj cloning.

Ob peb cov neeg niaj hnub no tsis paub nrog cov minyuam cov yaj. Nyob rau hauv 1996, nyob ze Edinburgh (Scotland) nyob rau hauv lub Roslin lub koom haum cloned thawj plaub, uas yog pom tau hais los ntawm lub hlwb ntawm ib tug neeg laus kab tau nqa tawm. Nws yog cov minyuam cov yaj yog cov thawj xws clone.

genetic engineering

Nkag tau rau hauv thaum ntxov 1970s, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering hnub no tau ua muaj kev nruam ntej. Nws txoj kev transforming mammalian hlwb, poov xab, cov kab mob nyob rau hauv cov "factories" rau zus tau tej cov ib yam protein. Xws li ib tug kev kawm tau ntawm kev kawm muab ib lub sij hawm mus kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv kom meej lub zog thiab cov qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog rau kev siv raws li cov tshuaj.

Fundamentals ntawm biotechnology yog tam sim no dav siv. E. coli, piv txwv li, tau ua nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm tsum tseem ceeb cov tshuaj hormones kev loj hlob lawm thiab insulin. Applied genetic engineering aims tsim kev siv DNA molecules. Nrog rau cov kev taw qhia txog ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic apparatus, lawv muaj peev xwm muab lub cev pab rau cov tib neeg lub zog. Piv txwv li, koj yuav tau txais ib tug "bioreactor", piv txwv tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab kab mob uas tau ua ib yam khoom uas pharmacologically qho tseem ceeb rau cov tib neeg. Biotechnology kev kho tau coj mus rau lub tseem ntawm yug me nyuam tsiaj breeds thiab cog ntau ntau yam nrog qhov zoo zoo rau neeg. Siv tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering txoj kev nws yog tau mus nqa tawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntawv pov thawj ua ib tug DNA tshuaj tiv thaiv rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntau yam kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic cov kab mob thiab lwm tus neeg.

xaus

Yog li ntawd, peb tau teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog biotechnology?" Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no tsab xov xwm muaj tsuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws, luv luv uas muaj npe qhia. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog rau cov kev taw qhia tsuas muab ib tug tswv yim ntawm dab tsi yog qhov niaj hnub biotechnology thiab yuav ua li cas lawv yog siv.