Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug dissident? Lub dissident zog nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub Soviet Union yog tsis rau tag nrho cov pejxeem yog haum tam sim no tsoom fwv. Dissidents hu ua cov neeg uas ho tsis txhawb cov nom tswv views ntawm lwm tus neeg, thiab lub Soviet tsoom fwv. Lawv ardent tw ntawm communism thiab tsis zoo kho tag nrho cov uas tsis ua cas kov. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus tsoom fwv ntawm lub Soviet Union yuav tsis las mees lub dissidents. Soviet dissidents tab tshaj tawm hais tias nws nom tswv taw tes ntawm view. Tej zaum lawv cov chav hauv ib tug tag nrho underground cov koom haum. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov tub ceev xwm tsim txom dissidents los ntawm txoj cai lij choj.

"Political dissidents"

Soviet dissidents tau nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub. Leej twg uas kho lawv, yuav yooj yim xa ib qhov txuas mus, thiab tej zaum kuj txawm tua. Txawm li cas los, lub underground dissidents ntawd kub ntev li tsuas yog txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 50s. Txij li thaum 1960 thiab kom txog thaum 1980, lub dissident zog muaj ib tug txiav txim kom zoo dua rau cov pej xeem yuav tsis nyob ntev. Lub sij hawm "nom tswv dissident" tauj tsoom fwv ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem. Qhov no yog vim li, txij li thaum lawv paub rau cov pej xeem lawv views zoo nyob rau hauv lub qhib.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s tias ib tug "dissident" yog twb paub suab txhua tus pej xeem, thiab tsis tsuas cov USSR tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Dissidents faib leaflets, tsis pub leejtwg paub thiab qhib cov tsiaj ntawv rau ntau tuam txhab uas muag, nyob rau hauv ntawv xov xwm thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsev hais plaub. lawv kuj tau sim kom deb li deb li sai tau, thiab xa fliers tshaj tawm nws lub neej rau lwm lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

tsoom fwv lub yam ntxwv rau dissidents

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yog ib tug "dissident", thiab qhov twg tshwm sim no lub sij hawm? Nws nkag mus rau hauv kev siv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm 60th mus rau xa mus rau anti-tsoom fwv movements. Tsis tas li ntawd feem ntau siv lub sij hawm "nom tswv dissident", tab sis chiv nws yog siv nyob rau lwm lub teb chaws. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv tus kheej dissidents nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union pib hu lawv tus kheej.

Tej zaum, tsoom fwv fielded dissidents tiag tiag gangsters, muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm kev ua phem, xws li cov tawg nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv lub 77th xyoo. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis yog cov ntaub. Raws li nrog rau tej lub koom haum, dissidents yog lawv cov kev cai, peb yuav hais txoj cai. Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv: "Tsis txhob siv kev sib ntaus," "tawm kev txiav txim", "Kev pab tiv thaiv ntawm yuav tsum muaj tib neeg cov cai thiab kev ywj siab" thiab "raws li kev cai."

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub dissident zog

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov dissidents yog los qhia rau cov pej xeem hais tias tus communist system tau ua obsolete thiab hloov los ntawm cov qauv yuav tsum yog los ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaj. Lawv ua hauj lwm lawv ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv, tiam sis feem ntau nws yog tus ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab leaflets. Dissidents tej zaum sau nyob rau hauv pab pawg thiab tus qauv qhia ua.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug "dissident" yog twb paub suab tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union lawv equated nrog cov neeg phem. Lawv feem ntau tsis hu ua dissidents, tab sis tsuas yog "anti-Soviet" thiab "anti-Soviet ntsiab". Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau yam dissidents hais tias txoj kev rau kuv tus kheej, thiab feem ntau xa mus rau thiab renounced lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "dissident".

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

Ib qho ntawm feem active mej zeej ntawm lub zog yog Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. Lub dissident yug nyob rau hauv 1918. Aleksandr Isaevich yog nyob rau hauv lub zej lub zos ntawm dissidents rau ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau suab tw ntawm lub Soviet system thiab Soviet lub hwj chim. Peb yuav hais tias, Solzhenitsyn yog ib tug ntawm cov instigators ntawm lub dissident zog.

xaus dissident

Thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, nws tau mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab tau nce mus rau lub nyob qib tus tauj ncov loj. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis pom zoo ntawm ntau ntawm cov kev ua ntawm Stalin. Txawm thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog, nws coj ib tug sib tham nrog ib tug phooj ywg, uas harshly criticized Iosifa Vissarionovicha. Ua koj tus kheej ib tug dissident nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau sau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws muab piv Stalin tus tsoom fwv nrog serfdom. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tus xav ua hauj lwm "Smersh". Tom qab no tshawb nrhiav pib raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas Solzhenitsyn raug ntes. Nws twb deprived ntawm tus tauj ncov loj tus nyob qib, thiab nyob rau hauv lig 1945 nws twb raug txim.

Thaum kawg, Aleksandr Isaevich siv yuav luag 8 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1953, nws tau tso tawm. Txawm li cas los, txawm tom qab lub xaus nws tsis tau hloov nws lub tswv yim thiab cwj pwm mus rau lub Soviet regime. Feem ntau cov yuav, tsuas yog Solzhenitsyn tau convinced tias dissidents nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, cov neeg muaj ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm.

Deprivation ntawm txoj cai rau ib tug kev cai lij choj ntawv

Aleksandr Isaevich tau ua ntau cov khoom thiab cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Soviet regime. Txawm li cas los, nrog lub advent ntawm Brezhnev, nws twb deprived ntawm txoj cai rau ib tug kev cai lij choj ntawv ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, cov KGB txeeb Solzhenitsyn tag nrho nws cov ntaub ntawv, uas muaj anti-Soviet dag, tab sis txawm tom qab uas Solzhenitsyn twb tsis mus tso lawv cov kev ua ub. Nws los ua kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo taw, raws li zoo li ua yeeb yam. Aleksandr Isaevich twb sim pab qhia rau txhua leej txhua tus li cas ib tug "dissident". Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov txheej xwm, cov Soviet tsoom fwv pib los perceive Solzhenitsyn raws li ib tug loj heev tus yeeb ncuab ntawm lub xeev.

Tom qab Alexander cov phau ntawv tau raug tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States tsis tau nws kev tso cai, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub Soviet Writers 'Society. Solzhenitsyn tiv thaiv tiag tiag ntaub ntawv ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union tau unleashed. Anti-Soviet zog nyob rau hauv lub USSR ntau thiab ntau cov tub ceev xwm tsis nyiam. Yog li, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1970s nyob lub tswv yim ntawm cov Central Committee ntawm lub CPSU twb yuam lo lus nug ntawm Solzhenitsyn lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus congress, nws twb txiav txim siab mus ntes nws. Tom qab ntawd, Lub ob hlis ntuj 12 1974 lub xyoo Solzhenitsyn raug ntes thiab deprived ntawm nws Soviet pej xeem, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. KGB tub ceev xwm tus kheej coj nws los ntawm lub dav hlau. Ob hnub tom qab, ib tug decree twb muab rau cov confiscation thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom thiab cov kev tiv thaiv-Soviet ntaub ntawv. Tag nrho cov internal affairs ntawm lub Soviet Union tau tam sim no tau dej num raws li "tsis pub leejtwg paub."