Yuav ua li cas yog lub phenotype? Tswvyim, qhov yooj yim nta sis raug zoo nrog genotype

Lo lus "phenotype" yog ib yam uas Greek keeb kwm thiab translates (lus) "nrhiav", "kuv". Yuav ua li cas yog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswvyim no?

Yuav ua li cas yog lub phenotype? txhais

Nyob rau hauv txoj phenotype yuav tsum tau to taub yam ntxwv uas yog xam qhovkev rau tus neeg hauv ib lub theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Cov teeb no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm genotype. Rau diploid kab mob yus muaj los ntawm kev qhia ntawm hom noob. Yuav kom txiav txim raws nraim li cas rau phenotype yuav tsum tau sib tham txog cov ua ke ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud nta ntawm lub cev, uas tau kis tau nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ib tug neeg txoj kev loj hlob (ontogeny).

Txheej txheem cej luam

Dua li ntawm qhov haum leej txhais li cas ib tug phenotype, nws tswvyim muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm uncertainties. Feem ntau ntawm cov lug thiab molecules uas encoded los ntawm lub caj khoom tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm lub cev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib feem ntawm lub phenotype. Ib qho piv txwv yuav phenotype ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, raws li ib txhia sau phau ntawv, lub ntsiab txhais yuav tsum muaj xws li cov neeg tus yam ntxwv uas yuav tsum tau nrog cov kev siv ntawm diagnostic, kev kho mob thiab kev cov txheej txheem. Ib tug ntau radical yuav muaj ntxiv expansion mas yuav kis tau tus cwj pwm, thiab yog hais tias tsim nyog, tej yam rau cov ib puag ncig ntawm tus kab mob, thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, cutters thiab pas dej tauv beavers yuav npaum li cas rau lawv phenotype.

Ntsiab nta

Txiav txim tias ib tug phenotype, peb yuav tham txog ib tug "rushing" kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv kom tau raws li cov ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Thaum koj xub mus kom ze yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ob tug yam ntxwv:

1. Dimensionality ntawm phenotype. Qhov no kos npe rau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov destinations, "tshem tawm", uas qhia txog cov xov tooj ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb.
2. Qhov thib ob kos npe rau hais tias tus rhiab heev phenotype rau cov ib puag ncig. Lub npe ntawm no degree - ntau yam.

Ua ke, cov yam ntxwv hais hauv lub richness thiab ntau yam ntawm phenotypes. Cov ntau txoj set ntawm ib tug neeg tus yam ntxwv, qhov ntau rhiab nta, thiab cov farther lawv yog los ntawm lub genotype, li ntawd, nws yog richer. Piv txwv li, thaum muab piv rau phenotype ntawm cov kab mob, roundworm, Qav, tus txiv neej, "wealth" nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau yuav tsub kom. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tib neeg phenotype richer.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv 1909, Vilgelm Iogansen (Danish paub txog) rau cov thawj lub sij hawm - nyob rau hauv nrog lub tswvyim ntawm genotype - phenotype npaj txhais. Qhov no pub kom paub qhov txawv ntawm caj ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm nws siv. Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib txawv yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv lub tej hauj lwm ntawm Mendel, thiab Weismann. Cov yav tas yog txawv los ntawm lub Somatic thiab deev hlwb nyob rau hauv multicellular kab mob. Lub resulting teem ntawm niam txiv chromosomes muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus. Chromosomes nqa complex noob yam ntxwv rau ib tug tsiaj nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab nyob rau hauv particular los ntawm ib tug kab mob. Lub noob muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog cov nqaijrog uas yuav tsim, thiab cov mechanisms uas ua tau txhais thiab tswj lub synthesis. Yuav ua li cas yog tias qhov no tshwm sim? Thaum ontogeny activating noob thiab cov neeg tsim proteins uas lawv encoded. Cov no cov tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kab mob, constituting nws phenotype. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, peb tau txais ib "khoom" ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam genetic kev pab cuam uas muaj nyob hauv lub genotype.

Cawv ntawm sab nraud tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug neeg

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias genotype yog tsis yog nws zoo tshaj uas yuav txiav txim rau lub phenotype. Nyob rau hauv cov zaubmov ntawm sau ua ib pawg tsim ntawm ib tug neeg nta yuav nyob ntawm seb tus tswv tsev ib puag ncig, uas yog los ntawm lwm yam tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv sib txawv tej yam kev mob phenotypes yog sharply txwv. Piv txwv li, hom butterflies "arashniya" ib xyoos ua ob offspring. Cov neeg, uas sawv los ntawm overwintered pupae (caij nplooj ntoos hlav), yog sib txawv heev los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Nws tseem yuav sib txawv, thiab cov phenotype ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug qhib qhov chaw bushy ntoo thuv ntoo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov - siab thiab slender. Thaum dej buttercup nplooj zoo nyob ntawm qhov chaw nws nyob - nyob rau hauv cov huab cua los yog nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm phenotypes thiab genotypes

Muaj peev xwm hloov, uas yog muab los ntawm ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kev pab cuam, hu ua tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, qhov ntau varied lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas phem saib, wider cai. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub cheeb tsam yog sib txawv heev los ntawm lub chaw uas rau cov txais zoo ntawm kev ua txhaum cai tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob no, thiab lawv tuag. Cov cim ntawm lub phenotype yeej tsis reflected recessive alleles. Tab sis lawv yog txais kev cawmdim thiab tau tsiv mus nyob rau lub offspring. Cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau nws tau kom to taub lub evolutionary txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso xaiv yuav tsuas phenotypes zag kuj kis thiab yog ntxiv genotypes nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem. Lub sis tsis yog tas rau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm recessive thiab hom alleles - ntau noob nrog txhua lwm yam.