Yuav ua li cas yog lub suab nrov ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Song Ntsiab. Major, Me

Ua ntej yuav tsom xam ntawm ib tug suab paj nruas muaj pes tsawg leeg singer thawj thiab foremost xyuam xim rau cov laus thiab cov tseem ceeb cim. Vim hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam tsis tau tsuas yog qhov tseeb nyeem ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj lub sam xeeb ntawm cov khoom. Ib tug interesting tseeb yog hais tias muaj ntau composers muaj xim lub rooj sib hais thiab sawv cev rau txhua laus nyob rau hauv tej yam xim. Yog nws muaj kev huam yuaj uas tshwm sim? Los yog nws ib tug yuav luag tsis paub puab kev txiav txim zoo?

Lub tswvyim thiab lub ntsiab ntawm tonality

Nto moo theorists B. L. Yavorsky thiab IV Sposobin qhia hais tias qhov no yog ib tug high-sawv nyuab siab txoj hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus tonic "mus rau" thiab txoj kev "Major", lub suab nrov yuav "C loj".

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau nqaim (kev) tus nqi ntawm tonality nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag - nws kuj yog ib tug system ntawm kev haumxeeb sib cais ntawm ties nrog ib tug tej qhov siab. Tsuas yog lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tsiaj ntawv Triads. Nws yog raug rau lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm 17-19 centuries (classical-romantic). Nyob rau hauv no xyov cov ntaub ntawv peb yuav hais lus ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ob peb tonalities ntawm lawv kev sib raug zoo system. Xws li piv txwv li plaub thiab fifths vajvoog, lawv muaj feem tseem ceeb, thaum uas tig mus , tib cov npe thiab li ntawd.

Lwm lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no hierarchical centralized system ntawm high-altitude kev sib txuas lus uas yog feem txawv (txawv). Los ntawm nws merger nrog nyuab siab ladotonalnost tsim.

Lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th

Lub suab nrov ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th yog nyob rau hauv ib tug quandary. Lub sij hawm nkag tau rau hauv 1821, F. A. J. Castillo Blazlom (peb paub los Fabkis theoretical). Nws txuas ntxiv mus rau loj hlob thiab disseminate lub tswvyim ntawm tonality rau 1844 F. zh. Fetis. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub sij hawm twb tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov thiab Tchaikovsky rau tonal kev sib raug zoo yog tsis pom qhov twg pom. Tsuas yog phau ntawv Taneyev "counterpoint nyob rau hauv lub nruj Style", ib tug tiav lawm nyob rau hauv 1906, plhis teeb rau nws.

Lub sij hawm "laus" muaj ob peb lub ntsiab. Firstly, nws ladotonalnaya harmonics-haumxeeb system. Secondly, nws yog ib lub suab nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag. Hais tias yog, ib yam ntawm cov modal ntawm ib tug tej yam siab. Cov niaj hnub tswvyim ntawm lub suab nrov txig qhia nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Karla Dalhauza. Nws hlub nws nyob rau hauv ib tug broad kev txiav txim zoo. Raws li nws cov kev txiav txim, nws yuav cuab kev uas drevnemodalnaya Gregorian suab paj nruag - qhov no yog tus thawj qauv ntawm cov laus. Nws sau ntawv hais tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub chord-harmonic, melodic laus muaj.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm tonality

1. Qhov kuaj pom ntawm ib tug tej yam abutment los yog chaw. Nws yuav ua tau ib lub suab, ib tug chord los yog ib tug txawv kiag li central caij.
2. Qhov kuaj pom ntawm ib tug tej lub koom haum ntawm lub suab sib raug zoo, uas ncaj qha combines lawv mus rau hauv ib qhov system of hierarchical subordination.
3. Ib tug tib abutment, chaw, los yog ib tug tag nrho system yuav tsum tau tsau nyob rau tib lub qhov siab. Los ntawm no nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag presupposes ib hom ntawm centralisation, nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug caij.
4. Menyuam tub (Major, Me), uas yog muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug chord thiab qhib cov system, khiav rau lawv cov "canvas."
5. Ob peb yam ntxwv dissonance: D thiab S nrog Septimia nrog ib tug sixth.
6. Internal ua haujlwm sib raug zoo.
7. Modal qauv nyob puag uas muaj peb lub ntsiab zog nteg: tonic, hom thiab subdominant.
8. Loj ntaub ntawv lub hauv paus rau tes taws los piav.

Mus ob peb vas thiab cov laus nyob rau hauv Palestrina

Nyob rau hauv classical laus prevails hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm gravitation ntawm qhov chaw (tonic). Nyob rau tib lub modal kev sib raug zoo, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis. Tsuas muaj ib tug subordination ntawm lub scale. Nyob rau hauv Palestrina kom meej meej pom cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev nyuab siab yog tias koj muaj ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Nws lub suab qw (monodic) subbase thiab nws cov yam ntxwv reorganization. Nyob rau hauv palestrinskom nyuab siab tsis muaj khees attraction rau lub tonic. Muaj kuj yog ib tug qeb xws li. Nyob rau hauv Palestrina qhia ib tug holistic lub koom haum ntawm suab, teem los ntawm qhov siab. Tsis cadences, ntsig txog, muaj yog tsis muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus rau ustoyu. Hais tias yog kiag li tsim tej zaum yuav muaj rau tej nyuab siab. Yog li ntawd, Palestrina tsis muaj tonality zoo li lub Viennese classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

Monodic harmonies thiab harmonic tonality

Loj thiab me rau ntawm ib cov par nrog rau lwm cov frets: Aeolian, Ionian, Phrygian, uas nws txoj kev cai uas, lokriyskim, Dorian, Mixolydian, thiab cov pentatonic scale. Nruab nrab ntawm lub harmonic tonality thiab monodic frets - ib tug loj loj sib txawv. Ntsiab loj thiab me xam qhovkev puab lub zog, kev ua, thiab kev txiav txim tsab ntawv tsa suab dormant. Lawv kuj yus muaj los ntawm ntau yam kev haumxeeb kev sib raug zoo thiab kev txwv centralisation. Tag nrho cov no yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv monadic frets. Lawv kuj tsis muaj ib tug ntshiab attraction rau lub tonic, nws dominance. Cov lus hais dynamism ntawm lub tonal system yog zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog qhov xwm ntawm European xav era ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm. E. Lovinsky zoo pom tias cov modality, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nruab nrab yog ib tug ruaj khov saib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab lub suab nrov ntawm cov lus rov - lub dynamic.

Nyob rau hauv dab tsi xim ntawm tus zaj sawv composers "xim" lub suab nrov?

Txhua laus yog nyob rau hauv lub cev, tej yam zog yog tsis tsuas dynamic-harmonic kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov xim palette. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov no tshua muaj neeg uas nkag siab txog ntawm qhov xwm thiab xim (xim nyob rau hauv lub literal siab).

Piv txwv li, tus yuam sij "C loj" yog central rau tag nrho cov system thiab yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau yooj yim, li ntawd, nws yog xim nyob rau hauv dawb. Muaj ntau musicians, xws li cov qhov zoo composers, feem ntau pom xim lub rooj sib hais. Ib tug meej tus neeg sawv cev ntawm xws li ib tug lub rooj sib hais yog suav tias yog Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

Piv txwv li, tus yuam sij "E loj" txuam nrog ib tug ob peb: ib tug ci ntsuab xim ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav birches thiab pastoral ntxoov. "E tiaj loj" rau nws - nws yog feem ntau tsaus ntuj nti thiab tu siab heev laus, uas nws pleev xim rau hauv nws lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv ib tug grey-xiavlus laus, yam ntxwv ntawm zos thiab fortresses. Ludwig van Beethoven, yog "B me" dub. Qhov no yog xim tsis tsimnyog, vim hais tias cov hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv no tseem ceeb ib txwm suab sadly thiab tragically. Raws li koj tau pom, cov xim tsis tshwm sim los ntawm lub caij nyoog, lawv yog tag nrho raws li qhov kev paub qhia lo cim ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Yog hais tias koj hloov tus yuam sij, ces nws yuav ua ib tug sib txawv kiag li cov xim. Ib tug nraaj txawv, cov txheej txheem ntawm Motets Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (po verum corpus, K.-V. 618) Ferenc ntawv. Los ntawm cov "D Major," nws transposed nws mus rau hauv ib tug "C loj", nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov uas hloov cov style ntawm cov suab paj nruag, muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm Romanticism.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub luag hauj lwm thiab qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv lub suab nrov ntawm cov suab paj nruag?

Pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, ib tug ntau yam ntawm tonality chord, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog txoj lug, tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb cov suab paj nruas thiab kev paub qhia lo txhais tau tias. Tej zaum ua txoj suab nrov ntawm cov kev sib tw cov ntsiab, theem thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ntseeg hais tias cov essence ntawm ib suab paj nruas lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub kev sib raug zoo thiab tes taws los piav, es nyob rau melodic qauv. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov suab paj nruas ntaub ntawv yog undeniable loj loj luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb ntawm loj cov ntaub ntawv: lub Sonata, cyclic, opera, Rondo thiab lwm tus neeg. Ntawm cov txhais tau tias muab lub su thiab nyem, feem ntau koj yog: ib tug gradual los yog cia li hloov los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb mus rau lwm lub, sai hloov tes taws los piav, juxtaposition ntawm contrasting lub sijhawm uas nws. Tag nrho cov no yog tshwm sim tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm sustainable nyob nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab laus.

kinship tonalities

Related tonality yog cov thawj, thib ob thiab thib peb degree. Cov pab pawg neeg tus naj npawb ib kev txhawj xeeb rau tag nrho cov chords ntawm lub diatonic system xaiv los yog predetermined suab. Nrhiav rau lawv yooj yim heev. Qhov no yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub tonic chord nrhiav subdominant thiab hom. Qhov no yog lub plaub thiab tsib theem. Lawv kuj muaj lawv tus kheej yam chords, uas yog zoo tib yam rau lawv nyob rau hauv suab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov thib ob degree ntawm relatedness - ib tug tonic laus sib npaug zos tab sis txawv frets (raws li tib lub npe). Piv txwv li, "C loj" thiab "C me". Tej yam tshwm sim tones, ntsig txog, yuav sib txawv. Lub "C loj" lawv tsis muaj nyob, thiab nyob rau tib me peb tiaj tus.

Lub chords ntawm peb pab pawg neeg muaj ib qho iav (3). Qhov thib peb-degree txheeb ze kuj ob chords uas yog zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab sawv ntawm ib tug deb ntawm peb tones. Piv txwv li, nws yog "C loj" thiab "F-ntse loj." Tag nrho cov no paub yuav pab tau heev yog tias koj xav hloov lub suab nrov ntawm lub song siv cov tes taws los piav los yog deflection.

xaus

Yog li, lub suab nrov set muaj lub ntsiab yam ntxwv uas txiav txim nws essence. Theorists txhais nws txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, zaum tsis pom zoo txog nws cov rooj txhawb siab thiab lwj. Yog hais tias soj ntsuam ntawm thiab musicians ntawm lub Western European lub teb chaws tau pom nws thaum ntxov (raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub 14th century), nyob rau hauv Russia nws pib mus rau yuav siv tau ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd. Uas yog vim li cas lub suab nrov ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub Viennese classics thiab romantics ho txawv ntawm qhov uas yog nrog Palestrina thiab yuav Shostakovich, Hindemith, Shchedrin thiab lwm yam composers ntawm 20-21 caug xyoo.