A. S. Pushkin, "Los ntawm Pindemonti": tsom xam ntawm ib tug paj huam. Keeb kwm ntawm creation

Nyob rau hauv 1836, Alexander ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Kamennoostrovsky voj voog, luam tawm tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. M. Yu. Lotman ntseeg hais tias ib co nqe ntawm lub koob yuav tsum xam tias yog qhov pinnacle ntawm creativity ntawm Pushkin thiab nws poetic ua tim khawv. Nyob rau hauv lub voj sawv cev ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 6 pieces (pes tsawg teej tug mus rau nws ib co lwm yam tsis paub hais tias). Ntawm no, 4 kwv huam yog cim los ntawm Roman numerals. Peb xav nyob rau hauv cov khoom, "Los ntawm Pindemonti" (ib hom ntawv nyeem - ib tug paj huam), nws yog cia li ib feem ntawm lub voj voog. Tus lwm yam peb ntawm nws - "sab nqaij daim tawv lub hwj chim", "imitation italiyanskomu" thiab "Suab puam txiv thiab tus poj niam tsis muaj kev txhaum." Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm, muaj ntau ntau yam kev cai dab qhuas thiab Christian cim. Txawm li cas los, lawv yog uas ploj lawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus, "Los ntawm Pindemonti".

Keeb kwm ntawm creation

Nws yuav pab kom peb los teeb rau nws cov ntsiab lus. Yuav ua li cas yuav hais txog qhov ua hauj lwm ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb? Cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti" tsom xam hais tias peb nqa tawm hnub no, yog lub caij ua hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg sau. Nws lub tswv yim tuaj thaum lub kws sau paj lug predyval nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, nyob ze St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv 1836. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tsim nws lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv ib tug ua kom tiav paj huam. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1855 nws tau muab ib tug ua hauj lwm "Los ntawm Pindemonti". Analysis ntawm no hnub qhia tau hais tias Alexander Pushkin twb tsis nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm (nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1837). Yog li, qhov no ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm tom qab nws tuag. Thiab nws tsis yog vim hais tias Pushkin yeej tsis xav kom sau nws. On qhov tsis tooj, nws sim nws zoo tshaj plaws kom paub tseeb tias cov censorship tau mus ntsib tsis tau ua hauj lwm "Los ntawm Pindemonti". Kev tsom xam ua los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tom qab nws tuag, yuav qhia tau tias Alexander rau nws txawm hloov lub npe ntawm nws creation.

Dag Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina

Feem ntau cov phau ntawv sau critics hnub no yog inclined mus ntseeg hais tias lub title peb xav nyob rau hauv cov khoom - ib tug dag. Nws muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua li cas nrog zaj dab neeg txog cov nqe lus, lub tswv yim ntawm "Los ntawm Pindemonti". Qhov tsom xam pom tias cov ntawv nyeem yog Ameslikas hu ua "Los ntawm Alfred Musset", txawm li cas los, Pushkin txiav txim siab los hloov lub npe, vim hais tias cov xav mus saib kev ua hauj lwm luam tawm. Censorship ntawm lub sij hawm yuav tsis tau mus ntsib tsis tau cov kev siv rau cov xovxwm txog tus poj romantic sau ntawv los ntawm Fabkis. Yog vim li cas - qhov Lub Xya hli ntuj Revolution, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xyoo 1830. Nicholas kuv tsis xav mus qhib tej qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws kis cov lus qhia txog nws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Alexander txiav txim siab los hloov lub qub npe, es tsis txhob ntawm lub npe ntawm tus Fabkis txawj sau ntawv siv lub npe Ippolito Pindemonte, Italian kws sau paj lug.

Muaj coob tus ntseeg hais tias qhov no xaiv tsis yuam. Ob tug ntawm cov sau phau ntawv pom lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tham txog ib tug txiv neej confronting kev muaj tiag. Txawm li cas los, Ippolito Pindemonte twb tsis paub lub Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, li ntawd, Pushkin txiav txim siab los siv nws lub npe nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Los ntawm Pindemonte". Zaj dabneeg hauv lub dag, txawm li cas los, yog tsis yog li ntawd meej. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov no zoo ntawm lub tswv yim (ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, kev fab ntxeev) yog cov yam ntxwv rau tag nrho ntawm cov zajlus zog, raws li Romanticism. Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias lub Italians, thiab cov Frenchman muaj tsis muaj teeb meem loj zoo sib xws nrog Aleksandrom Sergeevichem. Lawv taw tes tias lub fact tias cov txhob txwm dag nyeem ntawv pej xeem - ib tug tsis muaj tseeb reference.

khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg

Paj Huam yuav tau muab faib ua 2 qhov chaw (ib co raug rho tawm 3) uas yog pom zoo rau ib leeg. Lyrical hero "Los ntawm Pindemonti" thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug thiab lwm yam yog hais txog lub system ntawm lawv lub neej qhov tseem ceeb. Tus nyeem ntawv thawj mus los ntawm ib tug series ntawm negations ntawm kev cwj pwm thiab kev nom kev tswv tsev. Peb yuav tau tham txog censorship, kev tsov kev rog, se. Qhov no yuav qhia cov paj huam ib classic ntxoov ntxoo. Hauv paus ntsiab lus, uas siv cov Pushkin no hu ua "exhaustive division."

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug exhaustive division

Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov motif los yog lub ntsiab yog muab faib los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws tau xov tooj ntawm cov kev xaiv, uas yog teev nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm zoo xws li cov designs. Qhov no kuj yog paj huam yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub classical style, tab sis txhob hais txog ancient lyrics. Nws tau kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam Pushkin lub era, tab sis tau muab khaws cia tseg nws cov classical overtones. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug exhaustive division yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thawj ib feem. Tag nrho peb xav nyob rau hauv cov paj huam yog yuav luag nkaus ua rau nws. Ntawm plaub xws "division" yog rau tag nrho cov ntawv nyeem. Thawj Pushkin enumerates dab tsi nws tsis grumble, ces - ces, los ntawm uas nws tsis xav kom nyob ntawm seb. Ntxiv mus, Alexander hais tias tsis muaj leej twg yuav muab ib daim ntawv qhia, "tsuas muaj nyiaj mus."

Qhov thib ob yog ib feem ntawm cov paj huam

Qhov tseem ceeb hnov zoo muaj qhia nyob rau hauv lub thib ob yog ib feem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntawm no nws hais lus ib yam ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov paj huam. Pushkin hais tias ib tug yuav tsum tsis "lo rau tsis muaj siab, tsis muaj kev xav, tsis muaj caj dab mus rau lub livery," "rau cov tub ceev xwm."

Alexander hais tias txhua tus neeg muaj txoj cai rau lub cev thiab sab ntsuj plig txoj kev ywj pheej, uas yuav tsis tau noj lwm yam neeg los yog lub teb chaws. Tag nrho lwm cov cai yog meaningless tsis muaj no cuav. Qhov loj tshaj kev zoo siab ntawm lub lyrical hero yog yuav tsum tau ib tug neeg los qhuas cov tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, "marvel", "tej kev zoo nkauj."

Association nrog antiquity

Raws li SA Kibalnik paub txawj critic, nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Los ntawm Pindemonti" Pushkin kom meej meej siv lub classical moj khaum. Ob leeg rau tshuaj thiab nyob rau theem ntawm daim ntawv (Alexandrine) yug los koom nrog antiquity. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav nyob twj ywm xwb nyob rau theem ntawm ntxoov ntxoo hais tias los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tsis tshwm sim ancient lub koom haum. Alexander defends txoj cai ntawm txhua tus tib neeg nyob rau hauv tus txheej thiab puab txoj kev ywj pheej. Nws extols cov kev lom zem ntawm cov kos duab, nrog rau qhov. Tag nrho cov no yog pom zoo rau hauv tus caum qab ntawm lub hwj chim, ambition mus devote nws lub neej rau pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv Horace tej hauj lwm, cov Roman kws sau paj lug, muaj ntsis zoo ib lub tswv yim.

Tuav Pushkin creativity Horace

Nws tej hauj lwm tau xav nyob rau hauv Pushkin nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm qhia ntawv rau hauv lub Lyceum. Tag nrho cov motives teev saum toj no muaj analogs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam 1800-1810 gg. Nws yog ib, nyob rau hauv particular, cov kwv huam ntawm Alexander Lyceum, xws li "dreamer", "lub zos", "Message to Yudin". Pushkin nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm nws ua hauj lwm los tsim dluab Epicurean kws sau paj lug, zwj ceeb txaus. Kev lig kev cai pa paj huam ntawm Horace tau tsis lees txais lawv zoo nkauj sai sai. Pushkin nyob rau hauv lub 1830s feem ntau muab ncaj qha mus rau lub achievements ntawm antiquity. Nws tsiv ntawm cov pa Roman thiab Greek cov cim nyob dluab ntawm imitations ntawm Horace rau nws tus kheej paj huam ua nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis style.

Evolution ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Horace

Motives, nyob ze rau qhov creativity ntawm tus sau qhia nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Los ntawm Pindemonti" tam sim ntawd kev xav ntawm Alexander. Qhov xwm ntawm tus nqe no yog heev deb ntawm lub convention, yog li ntawd nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab ib tug rov qab mus rau qhov no kev lig kev cai, tau ntev tau cleared. Txawm li cas los, rau cov creation ntawm Alexander lub 1830s yog ntau npaum li cas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tsis txaus siab ncaj qha mus rau lub ancient lyrics (txawm tias qhov no siv feem ntau rau kev hloov tsheb) tshaj li tus assimilation ntawm nws cov ntxhais thiab cov dluab ntawm lub plaub ntawm kev kawm paj huam. Evolution ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov poj Roman kws sau paj lug lub tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam los ntawm lub ancient cim kom tau ib lub nyob dluab ntawm imitations ntawm Horace nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis style mus rau feem ntau qhov no sau. Tseeb, Alexander sau, "Kuv tau tsa ib tug monument ..." tsuas 1.5 lub hlis tom qab lub creation ntawm cov paj huam uas nyiam peb. Ib tug neeg txhais lus ntawm cov Roman kws sau paj lug Ode "Yuav kom Pompey Waru" yog hais txog 1835. Txawm ua ntej lawm, nyob rau hauv Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833, Alexander ua hauj lwm rau tus neeg txhais lus ntawm ib leeg Odes ntawm Horace - "Yuav kom Maecenas." Txawm li cas los, qhov kawg ntawm cov tej hauj lwm twb tsis tau tiav lawm. Pushkin ua ib tug neeg txhais lus los ntawm ib tug nqe 8 ntawm 36. Cuaj kaum, txawm nyob rau hauv no me me zaj yuav twb tsis siv rau ib tug general kev zoo sib thooj ntawm no ua hauj lwm nrog cov nqe lus "Los ntawm Pindemonti".

Cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov nqe lus "Los ntawm Pindemonti" nrog ib tug Ode ntawm Horace "rau Maecenas"

Nyob rau hauv raws li thaum pib ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Horace (nyob rau hauv translation "kav cov vaj ntxwv xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Patron ...") peb yuav tau tham txog tib neeg kev ntshaw uas yog alien mus rau lub kws sau paj lug. Cov tib yam peb pom nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti". Pushkin hais txog tib neeg cov cai, uas nws tsis mus nrhiav, thiab hais tias yog tsis muaj nuj nqis.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau, thiab ib tug ntau nthuav coincidence. Nyob rau hauv Horace thov los ua ib tug xaiv fickle neeg coob coob tuaj koom: tus cwj pwm ntawm ua hauj lwm rau ntawm tus neeg ua teb, cov nyiam mus rau ib tug nyob ntsiag to lub neej, mob siab rau kev yos hav zoov thiab tus caum qab ntawm exploits rau lub teb sib ntaus sib tua, ntsawj mus rau lub nyob deb hiav txwv Voyages. Thaum kawg peb saib tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no cov sau lub juxtaposition ntawm nws philosophy ntawm lub neej mus rau lwm leej lwm tus.

Composite nta hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Pushkin thiab Horace

Undoubtedly, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti" muaj zoo sib xws nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg Ode sau Horace. Nyob rau hauv lub Roman kws sau paj lug cov thawj feem ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, xws li Alexander, yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug exhaustive division. Nws Horace hais txog lub pursuit ntawm lwm tus neeg. Thaum Alexander Sergeyevich nws kuj yog hais txog txoj cai, tab sis hais txog cov neeg, uas nrhiav tsis tau nws, thiab lwm tus neeg, cov neeg uas tsis muaj ib tug spinning lub taub hau. Tus sau cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti" muaj tsuas yog ib vim li cas ntawm cov neeg uas yog nyob rau ntawm Horace lub xeev kev ua si, lub hwj chim. Cov Roman kws sau paj lug tam sim ntawd jumps mus qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm nws tus kheej ntshaw. Thaum Alexander Sergeyevich preceded classified indifference rau "nrov nrov cai". Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, lub "zoo" yog ib feem peb xav nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau zoo sib xws motives enjoying kos duab thiab cov xwm.

Qhov txawv yam khoom los ntawm Pushkina Ode Horace

Nrog hais txog lub tswv yim xwb uas Pushkin yog ib tug me ntsis txawv. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov neeg coob coob ntawm tib neeg dee Horace ntseeg tias tsuas yog txoj kev los ntawm uas nws tau tus kheej nrhiav tau kev zoo siab - paj huam. Txawm li cas los, Alexander Sergeyevich "zoo siab" yog txoj kev ywj pheej. Nws tsis xav kom muab "leej twg tsab ntawv ceeb toom", "mus ua hauj lwm thiab ua kom haum" tsuas rau nws tus kheej. Tag nrho cov no proves hais tias tus imagery thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Odes ntawm Horace "rau Maecenas" Alexander siv "Los ntawm Pindemonti" nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Pushkin, txawm li cas los, tsis zoo li mus re-tig mus rau lub creation ntawm lub Roman kws sau paj lug. Feem ntau cov yuav, lub nyob tus yeees ntawm Odes thiab cov dluab ntawm Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833 yog fwm nyob rau hauv nws nco (thaum ua hauj lwm rau tus neeg txhais lus).

Cov kev siv rau "Hamlet"

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Horace lub paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti" thiab yog hais txog Shakespeare tus "Hamlet." Nws yog hais txog triplicate "lo lus" nyob rau hauv Pushkin lub paj huam. Alexander siv nws thaum ua ib tug taw tes txog yuav ua li cas lub hwj chim belongs rau cov zajlus ua si. Txawm li cas los verbiage tau khiab ntawm nws kav cov vaj ntxwv thiab ruam pejxeem.

"Los ntawm Pindemonti": lub tswv yim

Pushkina lub ntsiab lus cov khoom no yog qhia txoj kev hlub ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam mus rau lub siab sib sib zog tsa los ntawm qhov sib txawv pej xeem hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus, "Los ntawm Pindemonti" sawv cev lub totality ntawm qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Alexander. Lub "neeg" thiab "lub hwj chim", raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm ntawv, txwv tus poj tsim yaam tshab ntawm kos duab thiab txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov. Cov kws sau paj lug tsis xav mus ua hauj lwm hauv lub xeev thiab tshaj tawm no nyob rau hauv nws nqe "Los ntawm Pindemonti", lub ntsiab lus uas yog tseeb rau txhua leej txhua tus, xws li tus huab tais. Pushkin tsis to taub yog vim li cas ib tug neeg yuav tsum ua hauv lub xeev. Lawm, cov paj huam nyob rau hauv uas tau raug qhia no lub tswv yim, thiab txawm openly, tsuas yuav tsis nco censorship. Txawm lub npe hloov tsis tau pab Pushkin, ib tug kev hloov ntawm tus pas ntsuas ua si nyob rau hauv nws haum. Nyob rau hauv 1855, nws nce mus rau lub zwm txwv, Alexander II. Cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti", hauv lub xyoo ntawm cov ntawv qhia uas - 1855 th, nws tau tam sim ntawd qhia rau cov pej xeem.

Tsis "Fabkis" qhov fab ntxeev mus rau nom tswv thiab koj tus kheej txoj kev ywj pheej, thiab yeej tsis yog hais txog "Italian" nyob rau hauv lo lus nug peb xav nyob rau hauv cov paj huam. Nws cov ntsiab lus muab Lavxias teb sab ntsiab tau ntev tau ranked ib tug ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Pushkin. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab ntawm lyrical ncaim ntawm lub realm ntawm tyranny thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees, uas yog accusation thiab tsis kam muab ntawm no lub nceeg vaj.

"Los ntawm Pindemonti" thiab "sab nqaij daim tawv lub hwj chim"

Yog hais tias peb saib ib tug qhov tseeb, lub ntaem ntawm lub tswv yim no ntau heev tshaj dua kom meej meej qhia los ntawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau "Los ntawm Pindemonti", Lub Xya hli ntuj 5, 1936 Pushkin tau ua tiav "sab nqaij daim tawv lub hwj chim". Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Alexander Sergeyevich ntawm poetic journalism. sau cov xim twb attracted los ntawm seemingly ib insignificant fact. Lub tuam tsev yog nyob, tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub aristocratic ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab capital, cov tub ceev xwm kom mus muab ob tug tiv thaiv nrog ib rab phom rau ntawm ntoo Khaublig. Nws twb yuav tau ua ostensibly nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem. Txawm li cas los, Pushkin pom qhov no raws li ib yam dab tsi txawv heev - ib lub cim qhia txog lub cynicism thiab cov neeg siab phem ntawm muaj koob muaj npe lub hwj chim, uas yog fenced tawm los ntawm tus Tswv cov neeg, txawm thaum lub sij hawm kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies.

Cov ob kwv huam, tsim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txuam rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm Alexander exposes kev thiab nom tswv system uas prevailed thaum lub sij hawm. Pushkin tseem yog cov tawm tsam rau txoj kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm censorship, nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm lawv "laus zaj nkauj qhuas Vajtswv." Nws sawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab tus kheej kev ywj pheej. Pushkin to taub txoj kev ywj pheej raws li ib tug universal lub tswv yim.

Cov syntax tej hauj lwm

Raws li rau syntax, nco ntsoov tias luv luv hais lus, yam ntxwv ntawm thaum ntxov tej hauj lwm yog yus muaj los ntawm peb-dimensional lug, nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg. Uas yog vim li cas lub sab ntsuj plig lub suab hloov lwm lub tsev sib nrauj ntawm lub neej, nyob ze rau Pushkin, thiab daim ntawv teev cov yeeb ncuab ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, rau lwm cov tes, tawv thiab sau mus rau lub ntiaj teb.

Artwork "Los ntawm Pindemonti", uas nws lub ntsiab yog cov ib txwm, zoo li muaj coob tus neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas tiam. Tom qab tag nrho, cov hluas muaj ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub siab xav rau txoj kev ywj pheej, lub negation ntawm txoj cai. Cov paj huam "Los ntawm Pindemonti" muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Nws qhia rau cov hluas tiam ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab muaj tseeb qhov tseem ceeb.