Abiogenesis - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Lub centuries-laus keeb kwm ntawm noob neej paub ntau hypotheses txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Los ntawm cov ancient lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, muaj ob tag opposite cov ntsiab lus ntawm view. Ib tug ntawm lawv pab leg ntaubntawv uas tshwm sim los ntawm uas tsis yog-nyob - yog abiogenesis. Qhov thib ob yog ib yam uas lub tswv yim hais tias lub neej yuav tshwm sim tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg ciaj - yog biogenesis. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm biogenesis ntawm abiogenesis, sim kom to taub qhov no tsab xov xwm.

Keeb kwm views

Tswv yim txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej yog kom meej meej correlated nrog lub theem ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm ib tug era. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum paub yog tseem me me, lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov nyob ntaus nws zoo heev. Ntawm no yog ib co views ntawm philosophers thiab naturalists ntawm yav dhau los. Piv txwv li, Empedocles (V BC.) Nws ntseeg hais tias ntoo dais qe. Aristotle (. IV BC) sib cav hais tias lub ntshauv yog muab tau los ntawm cov nqaij, thiab kab - kua txiv tsiaj lub cev. Cov views ntawm txawj tiam ntawm lub neej nws tus kheej muaj mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub XVII xyoo pua, thaum cov kawm lus Askiv philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) kev tshawb xav, thiab lub Italian tus kws kho mob F. Redi (1626-1698) thiab Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) suab muaj pov thawj cov impossibility ntawm cov txawj tiam ntawm lub neej . Nws yog ces hais tias pib mus rau ob tawm tsam camps, ob nrog kom theories ntawm lub neej - biogenesis thiab abiogenesis.

Ib me ntsis ntawm kev tshawb xav

Nyob rau hauv Abiogenesis (los ntawm Greek negation consoles - ib tug, bio - lub neej thiab genesis - tsos) to taub cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tshwm sim ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic lug ntawm sab nraum ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob. Benefit abiogenesis - nws yog ib tug kev tshawb xav txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej los tsis yog. Thiab ces koj yuav tau qhia ntxiv li cas yuav muab lub neej thiab tsis muaj sia thaum nws yuav ciaj sia. Thiab txij li thaum hnub no lub neej txhais yog txhais nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev thiab los ntawm txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view, raws li cov los ntawm UFW ntawm abiogenesis thiab biogenesis tshua teev.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm abiogenesis

Nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no, qhov tseem ceeb yog hais tias yuav tshuaj ntsuam genetic thiab evolutionary kev defining lub neej. Tag nrho lwm yam kev - thermodynamic thiab tej - yog pom tau hais tias theem nrab. Cov kev cai ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm abiogenesis hypothesis raws li nram no:

• Animate thiab tswg khoom txawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv (metabolism). Tag nrho cov theories ntawm cheeb tsam no yog hu ua tus biochemical abiogenesis.
• Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb nws yog, lawm, thiab nrog dawb zog. Qhov no tshwm sim yog cov tsos ntawm complex organic tebchaw los ntawm tej yam yooj yim inorganic nrog lub advent ntawm cov tshiab kev tshua tshuaj therebetween. Tag nrho cov theories ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov cheeb tsam no hu ua geocentric.
• Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv thiab nta ntawm lub neej - yog cov kev pauv ntawm tshuaj, self-tu tub tu kiv ntawm lawv tus kheej zoo, caj thiab variation.

Yog li, abiogenesis - ib tug geocentric thiab tshuaj theories mus piav qhia txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov nyob yam.

Lub neej raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm biogenesis

Biogenesis muab feem rau cov thermodynamic thiab tej thaj chaw uas paub qhov txawv cov nyob ntawm lub uas tsis muaj sia. Yog li caj, biochemical thiab evolutionary le caag yog xam tau tias yog los tsis ua cas. biogenesis ntawm lub tswvyim raws li nram no:

• Live, raws li zoo raws li tswg khoom - cov no yog cov ob sib xyaw thiab inseparable lub xeev ntawm teeb meem. Cov theories yog hu ua ntuj.
• Thermodynamics (entropy confrontation) thiab system (Dynamic Stability thiab subordination kev sib raug zoo) tivthaiv - cov no yog cov tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv thiab tej yam tshwm sim ntawm lub neej.
• Lub neej originated nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb, thiab lub ntiaj teb biosphere - cov nyob manifestation ntawm cov Cosmos. Cov theories yog hu ua qhov chaw.

Biogenesis, ces nws cosmocentric lub cev kev tshawb xav ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej.

niaj hnub views

Niaj hnub nimno science yog ib yam uas tus saib hais tias integrates tag nrho cov tswv yim mus ua ib tug unified system ntawm kev txawj ntse txog yuav ua li cas tswg teeb meem muab mus rau hauv lub neej. Raws li cov feem ntau yuav taug txoj kev ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob nyob niaj hnub science lees paub hais tias cov thawj zaug rau theem - yog abiogenesis. Thiab nws muaj peb thawj theem:

• Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lom monomers.
• Cov tsim kev lom polymers.
• Lub advent ntawm daim nyias nyias lug thiab thawj protozoa - protobionts.

Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau ntiaj teb no twb yuav yog yooj yim - los ntawm evolutionary mechanisms Darwin (caj, variation thiab xaiv).

Abiotic tsim ntawm organics

Tshuaj evolution los yog prebiological abiogenesis - qhov no tshwm sim organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic. Nyob rau hauv 1924, lub Lavxias teb sab academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) qhia tias lub siab molecular yuag tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub nyeem tov tsim nthawv cheeb tsam ntawm muaj zog ntau (coacervate mob los yog coacervates), uas yog cais los ntawm cov ib puag ncig, tab sis nws yog khaws cia pauv. Oparin lub kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv 1929, kev txhawb lub British paub txog Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), thiab science nyob ruaj khov kev tshawb xav ntawm coacervates, uas yuav lub txawj tiam ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peb ntiaj chaw nrog nws cev nqaij daim tawv.

Ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov kev xav ntawm abiogenesis

Chiv ua pov thawj tau txawj synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic yog tsis tau. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los, twb dhau lawm tej theem thiab kev tshwm sim tau.

Nws tag nrho cov pib nyob rau hauv 1953 thaum chemists Stanley Miller thiab Harold C. Urey ua ib tug xyaum ua nrog cov thawj broth (nruab nrab xws li ib tug prebiotic nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no). Lub influx ntawm lub zog (mus txog 60 txhiab ib) nyob rau hauv siab thiab nyob ib tug kub ntawm 80 degrees Celsius tau nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm fatty acids, urea thiab ob peb amino acids (protein monomers). Thiab nyob rau hauv 2008 cov American biologists tau tsim ib tug "protocells" nrog rau cov daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv 2011 lub Japanese biologists tau luam tawm ib tug ua hauj lwm rau creation ntawm lub hlwv nrog lub plhaub thiab muaj peev xwm faib.

precariousness txaus

Txawm tias cov kev kho nyob rau hauv kev sim biologists sim kom paub meej tias cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Oparin-Haldane lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw nyob rau hauv coacervates, tsis tau tag nrho cov uas ua lug nyob deb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nyob hlwb. Lub ntiaj teb no lub zej lub zos tsis paub txog tej yam no li undeniable pov thawj ntawm no yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej. Raws li biogenesis thiab abiogenesis - no ziag no rau hnub tim tsis paub tseeb hais tias experimentally. Muab hais tias txoj kev ntawm inorganic molecules mus nyob tau hlwb yog ntev, nrog ib tug ntau ntawm tib rab diav rawg nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab nres, zaum tseem tsuas conjecture yuav ua li cas no yuav tau ua hauv txoj kev. Tiam sis tag nrho cov hypotheses tsis ua pov thawj hais tias txhua yam yog raws nraim li cas tshwm sim rau lub ntiaj teb muaj ntau billions xyoo dhau los.

Muaj tseeb heev zoo kawg

Lub randomness ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug nyob ntawm tes nyob rau hauv lub primordial kua zaub xam lej. British mathematician Fred Hall nrog rau cov kev siv uas niaj hnub computers tau xam qhov tshwm sim ntawm random tsim ntawm amoeba proteins. Thiab qhov no yuav ua rau yog negligible - 1/10 * 40000. Nco ntsoov, qhov no yog nyob rau hauv ib co zoo tagnrho tej yam kev mob. Thiab qhov no ua rau ib co xav mus xav thiab muab cov lus sib cav ntawm UFW ntawm lwm yam theories thiab cov tswv yim ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no.

zoo kawg yuav

Tab sis raws li koj paub, txhua yam yog tus txheeb ze. Nyob rau peb ntiaj chaw thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb - nws yog ib qho indisputable qhov tseeb. Ntawm no yog ib co piv txwv uas yuav ua rau xav - yog nws yeej xws li ib tug coincidence yog tsis tau, raws li cov keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub primordial kua zaub.

• Yog hais tias tib neeg lifespan yuav 100 000 xyoo, peb lav (ie 100%) tau tuag nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau tsoo.
• Qhov ntau yam ntawm winning lub lottery txias Million yog 1 nyob rau hauv 5200 000. Thiab tsis tau tus American Valerie Wilson yeej rau sab saum toj nqi zog ob zaug: nyob rau hauv 2002 thiab 2006.
• Nyob rau hauv 2009 poob tib tus (4 15 23 24 35 42) nyob rau hauv lub Bulgarian lottery "6 ntawm 41" nyob rau hauv lub ob circulations nrog ib tug sib txawv ntawm 4 hnub. Qhov ntau yam ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim yog 3.61 • 10 ^-14.