Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics: daim ntawv teev. Lavxias teb sab physicists - Nobel nqi zog

Lub Nobel nqi zog twb muab tsub rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1901. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua Commission txhua xyoo xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus kws, tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb foundations los yog invention tsim kom ua raws li nws nrog ib tug mus saib xyuas cov puav pheej. Daim ntawv teev cov Nobel laureates yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li tus xov tooj ntawm xyoo ntawm lub ceremony, raws li tau tej zaum kuj cim los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm ob tug los yog peb cov neeg. Cuaj kaum, ib txhia muaj nqis mentioning nyias.

Igor Tamm

Lavxias teb sab physicist thiab Nobel laureate, yug nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Vladivostok nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm ib tug pej xeem engineer. Nyob rau hauv 1901 lub tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Ukraine, nws yog muaj Igor Evgenevich Tamm kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, ces mus kawm nyob rau hauv Edinburgh. Nyob rau hauv 1918 nws tau txais lub diploma ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics ntawm Moscow State University.

Tom qab ntawd, nws pib qhia, thawj zaug nyob rau Simferopol, ces nyob rau hauv Odessa, thiab ces nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1934 nws tau nce mus rau lub taub hau ntawm theoretical physics ntawm lub koom haum sector Lebedev, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum nws tuag. Igor Evgenevich Tamm kawm electrodynamics ntawm cov khib nyiab, raws li zoo raws li kho qhov muag khoom ntawm lub muaju. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, nws thawj qhia lub tswv yim ntawm quanta ntawm lub suab tsis. Relativistic mechanics ntawm lub sij hawm yog tsis tshua muaj neeg ceev, thiab Tamm twb tau mus experimentally paub meej tias txoj kev lub tswv yim uas tsis tau pov thawj ua ntej. Nws discoveries twb tseem ceeb heev. Nyob rau hauv 1958, ua hauj lwm tau raug lees paub tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no theem: ua ke nrog lug txhawb cov miv Cherenkov, thiab Frank, nws tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog.

Otto Nyaum

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia lwm theorist, tau qhia tsis tshua muaj peev xwm thiab mus xyaum ua tej yam. German-American physicist, khiav ntawm lub Nobel nqi zog Otto Nyaum yug nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1888 nyob rau hauv Sora (tam sim no tus Polish nroog ntawm Kaj ntug). Nyaum kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Breslau, thiab ces siv li ob peb xyoos nyob rau hauv lub natural sciences ntawm German universities. Nyob rau hauv 1912 nws defended nws doctoral thesis, lub taub hau ntawm nws kawm tiav kev ua hauj lwm yog Einstein.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej Otto Nyaum nws twb nais tau sau tseg rau hauv cov tub rog, tab sis muaj txuas ntxiv mus theoretical kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav. Los ntawm 1914 mus 1921 nws ua hauj lwm nyob Frankfurt University, qhov uas nws kawm sim qhia txog cov molecular tsab ntawv tsa suab. Nws yog ces hais tias nws muaj peev xwm los tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cov atomic beams, thiaj li hu ua kev Nyaum. Nyob rau hauv 1923 nws tau raug tsa xib fwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Hamburg. Nyob rau hauv 1933, nws hais tawm tsam anti-Semitism thiab yuam kom tsiv los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees rau lub tebchaws United States, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv 1943 nws tuaj koom rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Nobel laureates rau ib tug loj pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub molecular ray txoj kev thiab tus foundations ntawm cov magnetic caij ntawm lub proton. Txij li thaum 1945 - tug tswv cuab ntawm lub National Academy ntawm Sciences. Txij li thaum 1946, nws mus nyob hauv Berkeley, qhov uas nws twb nws hnub nyob rau hauv 1969.

O. Chamberlain

American physicist Ouen Chemberlen yug Lub Xya hli ntuj 10, 1920 nyob rau hauv San Francisco. Ua ke nrog Emilio Segre, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm quantum physics. Lug txhawb cov miv tau tiav tseem ceeb kev vam meej thiab ua tau ib tug foundations: lawv pom antiprotons. Nyob rau hauv 1959 lawv twb pom nyob rau hauv cov thoob ntiaj teb, thiab muab raws li lub winners ntawm cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv physics. Txij li thaum 1960, Chamberlain twb mus nyob hauv lub teb chaws Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub tebchaws United States of America. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob Harvard University raws li ib tug xib fwb, tas nws hnub nyob rau hauv Berkeley nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 2006.

Niels Bohr

Ob peb Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv physics raws li paub zoo li lub Danish tus paub txog. Nyob rau hauv ib nws yuav hu ua tus founder ntawm niaj hnub science. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Niels Bohr nrhiav lub koom haum ntawm Theoretical Physics nyob rau hauv Copenhagen. Nws belongs rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub atom, raws li nyob rau hauv lub planetary qauv, thiab postulates. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub atomic nucleus thiab nuclear tshua, nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm science. Txawm tias cov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub particle qauv, txwv lawv siv rau cov tub rog lub hom phiaj. Kev kawm ntawv rau yav tom ntej physicist tau txais nyob rau hauv cov qauv sau ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws tau los ua nto moo li ib tug avid ncaws pob neeg uas ua ntawv. Reputation raws li ib tug tub ntxhais ntse soj ntsuam yog nees nkaum peb xyoo tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub University of Copenhagen. Nws thesis project twb muab tsub ib tug kub puav pheej. Niels Bohr npaj los mus txiav txim ntawm qhov chaw nro dej rau dav hlau deeg. Los ntawm 1908 mus 1911 nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tsiv mus rau teb chaws Askiv, qhov uas nws ua nrog Yauxej John Thomson, thiab ces nrog Ernest Rutherford. Nws siv nws lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev paub, uas coj mus rau nws tau txais qhov puav pheej nyob rau hauv 1922. Tom qab ntawd nws rov qab mus rau Copenhagen, qhov twg nws nyob kom txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1962.

Lev Landau

Soviet physicist thiab Nobel laureate, yug nyob rau hauv 1908. Landau tsim ib tug stunning ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw: nws kawm magnetism, superconductivity, atomic nuclei, elementary hais, electrodynamics, thiab tshaj. Ua ke nrog Evgeniem Lifshitsem tau tsim ib tug classic chav kawm ntawm theoretical physics. Nws biography yog nthuav extraordinarily sai kev loj hlob: twb nkag mus hauv lub University of Landau tsug kaum peb lub xyoo. Rau ib tug thaum nws kawm Science News for KIDS, tab sis tom qab txiav txim siab mus kawm physics. Txij li thaum 1927 nws yog ib tug kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau Ioffe Leningrad lub koom haum. Contemporaries nco txog nws li kev zoo siab, ntse txiv neej, nws tseem ceeb heev kev kwv yees. Lub nruj kev qhuab qhia pub Landau kawm tau ntawv zoo. Nws ua hauj lwm rau ib lub mis heev npaum li cas hais tias nws tau pom lawv txawm nyob rau hauv nws pw tsaug zog thaum hmo ntuj. Txaus los nws, thiab scientific mus ncig ua si txawv teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb yog tseem ceeb yog tus mus ntsib mus rau lub koom haum ntawm Theoretical Physics, Niels Bohr, thaum tus paub txog yog tau sib tham txog tej teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab rau nws nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws. Landau xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug thwj tim ntawm tus naas ej Dane.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig thirties paub txog kev nyuaj siab nrog Stalinist tsuj. Physics muaj ib lub caij nyoog rau kev khiav los ntawm Kharkov, nyob qhov twg nws nrog nws tsev neeg. Nws tsis tau kev pab, thiab nws twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv 1938. Ua zaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau muab rau Stalin, thiab nyob rau hauv 1939, Landau twb tso tawm. Tom qab ntawd, tau ntau xyoo nws twb koom nyob rau hauv scientific ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1962, nws tau mus nyob hauv lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics. Committee xaiv rau nws txoj kev mus kom ze rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm condensed teeb meem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kua Helium. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo raug kev txom nyem ib tug tragic kev huam yuaj, collided nrog ib lub tsheb loj. Tom qab ntawd, nws nyob rau lub xyoo. Lavxias teb sab physicists, Nobel nqi zog winners tsuj tsawg tiav xws Vocabulary, uas yog nyob rau Lev Landau. Dua li ntawm qhov yooj yim txoj hmoo, nws embodied tag nrho koj cov kev npau suav thiab ua ib tug kiag li tshiab mus kom ze rau science.

max Born

German physicist thiab Nobel laureate, theorist thiab founder ntawm quantum mechanics yug nyob rau hauv 1882. Lub neej yav tom ntej sau ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity, electrodynamics, philosophical lus nug, lub kinetics ntawm cov kua thiab ntau lwm tus neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab tom tsev. Tus thawj cob qhia yog nyob rau hauv high school nrog ib hom lus tsis ncaj ncees. Tom qab tsev kawm ntawv, nws nkag mus hauv lub University of Breslau. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev kawm mus kawm lectures los ntawm nto moo mathematicians ntawm lub sij hawm - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert thiab Germana Minkovskogo. Nyob rau hauv 1912 nws tau muab ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv Göttingen pab xib fwb, thiab nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914 mus rau Berlin. Txij li thaum 1919, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Frankfurt li cov xibfwb. Ntawm nws cov lug txhawb cov miv yog Otto Nyaum, ib tug yav tom ntej Nobel nqi zog khiav, uas peb twb tau hais. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, Bourne piav khib nyiab thiab quantum kev tshawb xav. Kuv tuaj xav tau tshwj xeeb txhais lus ntawm cov yoj-particle xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws muaj pov thawj hais tias cov kev cai ntawm physics ntawm lub microworld yuav hu ua statistical thiab hais tias nthwv dej muaj nuj nqi yuav tsum muab txhais raws li ib tug complex kom muaj nuj nqis. Tom qab los rau lub hwj chim, lub Nazis tau tsiv mus rau Cambridge. Nws rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees xwb nyob rau hauv 1953, thiab tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1954. Kuv yuav mus ib txhis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm physics raws li ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau cov kev theorists ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Enrico Fermi

Tsis muaj ntau yam winners ntawm cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv physics los ntawm ltalis. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog qhov chaw uas tau yug los Enrico Fermi, qhov tseem ceeb kws muaj txuj ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Nws yog tus creator ntawm nuclear thiab neutron physics, nrhiav tau ob peb scientific cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab yog ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Fermi belongs rau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm theoretical ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm elementary hais. Nyob rau hauv 1938, nws tsiv mus rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas, nyob qhov twg nws nrhiav tau dag radioactivity, thiab ua tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej los ntawm ib tug nuclear reactor. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog. Interestingly, lub teb muaj ib tug zoo kawg li nco, ua tsaug rau uas nws yog tsis tsuas incredibly tau physicist, tab sis kuj sai sai kawm lwm hom lus nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm kev kawm tus kheej, uas tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug disciplined, raws li nws tus kheej lub cev. Cov no yog cov muaj peev xwm ntawm tso nws txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev kawm, nws pib tau ntuas rau quantum kev tshawb xav, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ltalis yog yuav luag tsis tau kawm txog. Nws thawj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv electrodynamics kuj tsim nyog paub. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau lub kev vam meej ntawm lub Fermi muaj nqis ntsoov teev cov xibfwb Mario Corbijn, uas txaus siab rau cov txuj ci ntawm tus paub txog thiab los ua nws patron ntawm lub University of Rome, muab cov hluas ib tug zoo kawg nkaus ua hauj lwm. Tom qab mus rau lub tebchaws United States nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Las Alamos thiab Chicago, qhov uas nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

Austrian theoretical physicist uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1887 nyob rau hauv Vienna, industrialist tsev neeg. Ib tug muaj myiaj txiv yog tus lwm thawj ntawm lub zos botanical thiab Zoological Society thiab los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog instilled nyob rau hauv nws tus tub txoj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv science. Yuav kom tau kaum ib xyoos Erwin twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev, thiab nyob rau hauv 1898 nws nkag mus hauv cov kev kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Brilliantly lawm, nws nkag mus hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Vienna. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov xaiv tshwj xeeb yog lub cev, Schrodinger tsom thiab tib neeg tej txuj ci: nws paub rau lwm hom lus, sau paj huam thiab versed nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Achievements nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog sciences tau tshwm sim los ntawm Fritz Gazenrolem, feemxyuam kws qhia ntawv Erwin. Nws yog nws leej twg pab cov menyuam kawm ntawv to taub hais tias physics yog nws lub ntsiab paj. Rau nws doctoral thesis Schrödinger xaiv lub sim ua hauj lwm, uas nws muaj peev xwm mus tiv thaiv brilliantly. Ua hauj lwm pib thaum lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas ib tus paub txog koom nyob rau hauv atmospheric hluav taws xob, optics, acoustics, xim kev tshawb xav thiab quantum physics. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1914 nws tau txais ib qho kev pab xib fwb, uas ua rau nws to qhuab qhia. Tom qab tsov rog, nyob rau hauv 1918, nws tau pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm Physics ntawm jenÅ, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm nrog Max Planck thiab Einstein. Nyob rau hauv 1921 nws pib qhia nyob rau ntawm lub Stuttgart, tab sis tom qab ib tug semester nws tsiv mus rau Breslau. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, kuv tau txais ib qho kev caw los ntawm lub Polytechnic nyob rau hauv Zurich. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1925 mus 1926 nws nqa tawm ob peb revolutionary thwmsim, luam tawm ib daim ntawv hu ua "quantization raws li ib tug teeb meem ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj nuj nqis." Nws tsim ib qho tseem ceeb kab zauv rau tam sim no thiab niaj hnub science. Nyob rau hauv 1933 nws tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog, thiab ces twb yuam kom khiav tawm hauv lub teb chaws: Nazis tuaj rau lub hwj chim. Tom qab tsov rog nws rov qab mus Austria, qhov uas nws nyob tag nrho nws seem xyoo thiab tuag nyob rau hauv 1961 nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg Vienna.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

Lub npe nrov German sim physicist yug nyob rau hauv Lennep, uas nyob ze Düsseldorf, nyob rau hauv 1845. Tom qab kev kawm nyob rau Zurich Polytechnic, nws tau los ua ib tug engineer, tab sis nws paub hais tias nws xav nyob rau hauv theoretical physics. Nws los ua ib tug pab cuam ntawm lub department nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv university, ces tsiv mus rau Giessen. Los ntawm 1871 mus 1873 nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Würzburg. Nyob rau hauv 1895 nws nrhiav X-rays thiab ua tib zoo kawm lawv lub zog. Nws yog tus sau ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub pyroelectric thiab piezoelectric thaj chaw ntawm muaju thiab magnetism. Lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv physics, tau txais nws nyob rau hauv 1901 nws zoo heev rau pab mus rau science. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub X-ray Kundt tsev kawm ntawv, ua ib tug tsi ntawm tus tsim ntawm ib tug scientific tiam sis, ua hauj lwm nrog nws lub contemporaries - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Txawm tias lub yeeb koob ntawm ib tug muaj kev vam meej experimenter, nws ua haum secluded lub neej thiab hais lus heev dua lwm yam nrog pab. Yog li ntawd, tej yam uas nws lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub physics uas tsis nws cov thwj tim, yog tsis heev tseem ceeb. Lub txaj muag paub txog tsis kam mus lub npe rays nyob rau hauv nws yawm, ib tug lub neej hu lawv X-rays. Lawv cov nyiaj tau, nws muab lub xeev thiab nyob rau hauv heev qhuab yam. Nws tuag Wilhelm Roentgen Lub ob hlis ntuj 10, 1923 nyob rau hauv Munich.

Albert Einstein

Lub ntiaj teb no-nrov physicist, tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nws yog tus creator ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity thiab sau ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob quantum kev tshawb xav, yog ib tug txawv teb chaws neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Txij li thaum 1893 nws nyob rau hauv Switzerland, thiab nyob rau hauv 1933 tau tsiv mus rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Einstein ua tswvcuab lub tswvyim ntawm tus photon, tsim cov kev cai ntawm lub photoelectric nyhuv thiab kwv yees lub foundations ntawm stimulated emission. Nws tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Brownian tsab ntawv tsa suab thiab hloov mus hloov los, raws li zoo raws li tsim ib tug quantum statistics. Kuv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm cosmology. Nyob rau hauv 1921 nws tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog rau nws foundations ntawm cov photoelectric nyhuv ntawm cov kev cai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Albert Einstein yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab initiators ntawm lub founding ntawm Ixayees. Nyob rau hauv lub thirties, nws hais tawm tsam Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab sim kom politicians los ntawm lwj liam kev txiav txim. Nws lub tswv yim hais txog cov nuclear teeb meem no twb tsis tau hnov, uas yog lub ntsiab kev txom nyem ntawm tus paub txog lub neej. Nyob rau hauv 1955, nws tuag nyob Princeton los ntawm aortic aneurysm.