Tshuaj zog ntawm lub hauv paus

Bases muaj txoj tebchaw muaj ob lub ntsiab yam ntxwv Cheebtsam:

1. Gidroksogrupp (ib los yog ntau tshaj). Li no, los ntawm txoj kev, thiab lub thib ob lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj - "hydroxides".
2. Cov hlau atom los yog lub ammonium ion (NH4 +).

Title bases derives los ntawm combining ob npe ntawm nws Cheebtsam: e.g., calcium hydroxide, cupric hydroxide, nyiaj hydroxide, etc ...

Lub tsuas kos rau cov kev cai puag tsim yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ammonium hydroxide, thaum gidroksogrupp tsis koom nrog cov hlau thiab mus rau lub ammonium ntawv (NH4 +). Qhov no tshuaj yog ua nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas muaj kev sib nrauj nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm ammonia.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov thaj chaw ntawm hauv paus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tam sim ntawd hais tias gidroksogrupp valence sib npaug zos rau kev sib sau, ntsig txog, tus xov tooj ntawm cov pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule yuav yog nyob ntawm seb dab tsi valence muaj reactive co. Piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab tau cov mis mos tshuaj xws li NaOH, Al (OH) 3, Ca (OH) 2.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm thaj av, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tsis muaj kev zam - khib nyiab yog cov feem ntau ntau haiv neeg xim. Nyob rau hauv cov mob uas gidroksogrupp kev cob cog rua nrog monovalent co, feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau nkag soluble puag nyob rau hauv dej, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm zaum tus uas ua lub hauv paus tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov dej suab insoluble. Cov neeg uas yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv dej, hu ua alkalis. Lawv yog cov sib tshuaj corrosive rau tawv nqaij thiab qog ua kua week. Dhau li monovalent co, alkali thiab daim ntawv thiaj li hu ua alkaline-lub ntiaj teb co - piv txwv li, xws li barium, strontium.

Tshuaj zog insoluble bases pw nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tebchaw yog tog twg los yooj yim los yog amphoteric hydroxides. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv reacts nrog acids coj raws li alkali, thiab vice versa, interacting nrog alkalis, acids sau tej yam tshwm sim. Properties insoluble bases yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub teeb thiab hnyav kev lag luam.

Tshuaj zog bases manifested nyob rau hauv lawv tshua nrog acids, ntsev, lwm bases, raws li zoo raws li ntsuas nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev txiav txim. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub alkali yuav txiav txim yog hais tias lawv cov tshuaj ua hauj lwm rau ib tug tej yam qhia. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog noticeably hloov nws cov xim: piv txwv li, ib tug litmus xeem ntawm lub dawb puv xiav, thiab phenolphthalein - txiv pos.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm bases tshwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev sis raug zoo nrog acids, ua rau tshua zoo-paub neutralization. Lub essence ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv hais tias cov hlau atoms koom acid residue tsim ib lub ntsev, thiab gidroksogrupp thiab hydrogen ion, thaum, hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv dej. Lub neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog hu ua vim hais tias tom qab nws muaj tej nuj nqis alkaline tsis acid.

Yam ntxwv tshuaj zog manifested bases thiab lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub ntsev. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias soluble ntsev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj xwb alkali. Cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov tshuaj ua rau hais tias ib tug tshiab ntsev, ib tug tshiab, feem ntau yog insoluble, puag nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Thaum kawg, cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm thaj av beautifully manifest lawv tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm lub thermal ntxim rau lawv - cov cua kub. Ntawm no, nqa tawm tej yam thwmsim, nws yog tsim nyog los ua tim nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov bases, tsuas yog alkali, thaum rhuab coj tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis ruaj tsis khov. Feem coob ntawm cov lawv yuav luag tam sim ntawd decomposes rau hauv cov coj oxide thiab dej. Yog hais tias peb coj tus puag co xws li nyiaj thiab mercury, nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob lawv yuav tsis tau, raws li twb pib decompose nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.