Alcohols npaj: Txoj kev thiab Nyoos ntaub ntawv

Alcohols yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam thiaj li industries thiab txoj haujlwm. Ntawm lawv tsim ntau yam khoom cua polymers, plasticizers, rubbers, detergents thiab ntau lwm yam ntau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom. Kev npaj ntawm cov alcohols yog nqa tawm siv biochemical thiab tshuaj txoj kev. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog cov loj cov khoom ntawm petrochemical synthesis. Tshuaj synthesis ntawm hydrocarbons yog ib tug pheej yig ntau lawm txoj kev. Nws kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj kev yog tus zus tau tej cov alcohols nrog olefins co. Yog li tau isopropyl, sec- thiab tert-butyl thiab ethyl alcohols. Kev npaj ntawm methyl haus cawv (methanol) yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub qhuav rau lub distillation ntawm cov ntoo.

Basic dab uas tsim alcohols:

• Alkaline hydrolysis halogen derivatives: zus tau tej cov glycerol, benzyl cawv thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Co epoxides thiab alkenes: ethylene glycol, ethanol thiab cov zoo li.
• Hydroformylation: hexanol, methanol, etc.
• oxidation txoj kev: zus tau tej cov fatty alcohols.
• Rov qab Txoj kev: ntau dua fatty alcohols, xylitol thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Biochemical txoj kev: zus tau tej cov glycerol thiab ethanol.

Ib qho ntawm feem loj-ua cov khoom no yog ethyl cawv (ethanol). Nyob rau nws cov hauv paus, nws yog tsim ib tug qauv rau kev ua hluavtaws roj hmab. Ethanol yog tau los ntawm ntoo hydrolysis khoom, ethylene sulfite cawv thiab cov enzymatic txoj kev zaub mov raw cov ntaub ntawv.

Kev npaj ntawm alcohols (ethanol thiab methanol) los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus raw khoom thiab cov cav ntoo yog kim thiab lub sij hawm siv cov txheej txheem. Ethyl cawv ntau npaum li cas ib qho kev zoo thiab yooj yim rau tsim los ntawm ib qho pheej yig hydrocarbon feedstock, e.g., nrog ethylene co. Yog xav tau ib tug ton ntawm ethanol los ntawm enzymatic txoj kev, nws yog tsim nyog los ua plaub tons ntawm grain, los yog yim tons ntawm sawdust. Kev sib piv, ib tug ton ntawm ethanol yog tau los ntawm cov 2.5 tons ntawm cov roj av distillates los yog ethylene roj. Labor nqi nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej-sij hawm nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ethanol los ntawm ntau yam raw cov ntaub ntawv: grain - 160, los ntawm qos yaj ywm - 280, ntawm ethylene - 10. Kev npaj ntawm cov petrochemical feedstock alcohols yog tsawg kim thiab lub sij hawm siv.

Tsis tas li ntawd tseem ceeb heev tshuaj cov khoom no yog methanol. Niaj hnub nimno ntau lawm ntawm methanol yog nqa tawm los ntawm organic synthesis raws li nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon monoxide (II) los yog ib tug synthesis roj nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj scale. Technological schemes, muaj ntau. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv cov nram qab no peb pab.

- Synthesis of zinc-chromium catalysts thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov siab. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog obsolete thiab hloov los ntawm qhov sib txawv synthesis txoj kev thaum uas tsis muaj siab.

- Synthesis of tooj liab-zinc-txhuas catalyst thaum uas tsis muaj siab. Siv cov kev synthesis ntawm cov uas tsis muaj siab yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm lub zog ntau lawm. Nrog no txoj kev ntawm kev siv thiab ua yuav tsum tau ib tug high degree ntawm kev huv huv ntawm raw khoom impurities adversely cuam tshuam lub catalyst.

- ib tug peb-theem methanol synthesis nyob rau hauv ib tug system uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ncua kev kawm ntawv ntawm lub inert kua thiab finely faib catalyst. Qhov no yog ib txoj kev los ua rau kom tawm los, thaum uas txo cov nqi zog. Txoj kev npaj alcohols yog zoo tuaj. Peb-theem system yog ib tug hnyav ntau lawm tshuab.