Ancient lub tuam tsev. Hais ntawm ancient architecture

Ancient Greek architecture yog ib tug ntawm cov saum ntawm lub artistic cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm yav dhau los. Nws nteg lub lub hauv paus ntawm cov European architecture, kos duab rau ntawm lub tsev. Lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias lub architecture ntawm ancient Greece coj qhws kev cai dab qhuas overtones, thiab yog tsim rau txi pub rau tus tswv ntuj, muab lawv tej khoom plig thiab tuav loj ua nyob rau hauv no hais txog.

Zaj dabneeg tsev kos duab historians ntawm ancient civilization yog muab faib ua tsib sij hawm: archaic, Early Classic, Classic, Hellenistic thiab Roman domination. Tom ntej no peb yuav sib tham txog txhua yam ntawm lawv, raws li tau zoo raws li tus naas ej tuam tsev ua los ntawm cov ancient Greeks, nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

archaic sij hawm

Duration archaic sij hawm: 7 a. BC. e. kom txog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Athenian lawgiver Solon thiab kev nom kev tswv (txog 590 BC. e.). Nyob rau hauv 7-6 centuries. BC. e. Tim Nkij teb chaws architecture reflected lub feem ntau tshaj yam ntawm cov haiv neeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov Greek polis tau ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ywj pheej rog, thiab qhov no tau coj mus rau ib tug tense tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm aristocrats. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, lub tuam tsev, uas twb ua nyob ib ncig ntawm txoj cai, los ua ib tug loj pej xeem lub tsev - tsev ceev nyiaj coffers thiab treasures thiab pej xeem cov koob tsheej nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm pheej caum tsim lub ntsiab ntsiab ntawm ancient architecture - qhov kev txiav txim (nruj system uas qhia qhov chaw nyob thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua) thiab entablature (overlap).

Nta ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm lub archaic sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv lub archaic sij hawm ntawm lub txheej thaum ub era vaj tse Homer sawv ntxov hom siv zeb, qhov thiaj li hu ua "Tuam tsev ntawm antah". Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej sab nws muaj ib tug portico, lub sab phab ntsa tsim los ntawm qhov (Antes) thiab ob txojkev rau hauv nruab nrab txhua. Rau cov neeg uas koom Athens txhab ntawm Delphi (pictured saum toj no) lub tsev ntawm Paris marble. Kwv yees li ntawm hnub ntawm kev tsim kho - 510-480 xyoo. BC. e. Lub tsev twb excavated thiab reconstructed nyob rau hauv 1903-1906 xyoo.

Tom ntej no muaj ib tug hloov txhua ntawm ntsaum, thiab muaj ib tug tshiab ancient tuam tsev - prostyle. Nws muaj ib qho qhib portico. Ntxiv ntxiv ntawm plaub ntau txhua nyob rau sab nraud, nyob ze lub qhov nkag mus hauv lub txhab nyiaj (amphiprostyle), yog thawj kauj ruam mus rau lub tsev ib tug thiaj li hu ua peripetra - tag qhib rau tag nrho cov sab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Txawm hais tias cov hom tau hloov zuj zuj nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub caij nyoog kawg no cuaj kaum los ua hom.

Nws muaj lub ntsiab chav tsev nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev - lub ancient sanctuary ntawm lub tuam tsev (thaj) uas tsis muaj tsev nyob ib Revered duab puab ntawm ib tug vaj tswv los vajtswv poj niam. Nws twb hu ua "nave".

Early Classic lub sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov classical lub sij hawm, uas ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 590 txog 470 xyoo. BC. e., antique architecture maj frees nws tus kheej los ntawm txawv teb chaws tiam sis, uas teev tseg los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thiab cov teb chaws Asia. Zoo li painting thiab duab puab, nws tau ua ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau cov tawm ces ntawm tib neeg thiab kev ywj pheej kab lis kev cai ntawm classical tim Nkij teb chaws.

Lub proportions ntawm lub tuam tsev ua lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj ib tug nruj kev txiav txim thiab lub proportionality ntawm cov uas thiab tus naj npawb ntawm kab, raws li zoo raws li lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev. Tag nrho cov no yuav qhia cov architecture ntawm thaum ntxov classical lub sij hawm ntawm lub dag lub zog thiab kev zoo nkauj. Tsim ib tug tshiab hom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj - Doric, uas tau txais ntau nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.

Ancient lub tuam tsev ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ntxov classical lub sij hawm: Hera nyob rau hauv Olympia, lub Apollo ntawm Delphi, Zeus nyob rau hauv Athens, Pallás Athena nyob txog. Aegina (pictured saum toj no). Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv Sicily thiab Ltalis, hluas monuments ntawm lub sij hawm ntau, ces tau nws cov richest Greek zos. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub tuam tsev ntawm Poseidon ntawm Paestum. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog ib tug ntawm xya kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - lub tuam tsev uas Artemis ntawm Ephesus, uas twb hlawv Gyrostat.

Tuam tsev ntawm Poseidon ntawm Paestum

Qhov no architecture yog paub monument Greek contemporaries kuj hu ua lub tuam tsev Hera II. Tej zaum, tej zaum nws yuav muab suav hais tias lub feem ntau haib thiab muaj zog siv Doric hais txog 5 BC. e. Nyob rau hauv nws austere thiab yooj yim tsos, nws piav txog tus tswv yim ntawm cov heroic tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg rau ywj pheej los ntawm lub invading Pawxia. Nws twb dim lub qaum kev ib lub kab, Internal thiab sab nraud ob-tiered colonnade, nce rau ib tug khoom hauv paus. Raws li ntau ancient temples ntawm lub cheeb tsam (hu ua Poseidon) nws yuav ua tau cov nyuaj heev crystalline limestone. Saum toj no nws tau raug kho nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm plaster. Nyob rau hauv architecture, muaj yog ib txoj ntsiab cai ntawm regularity. Khoom muaj impressive qhov ntev: 60 m ntev thiab 24 m dav.

Tuam tsev ntawm Hera II yog nyob rau hauv ltalis (40 km sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Salerno). Tam sim no nws yog qhib rau tourists. Nws nkag yog tsim nyog 4 los yog 6 euros (muaj xws li ib tug mus ntsib mus rau lub Archaeological Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Paestum).

Tuam tsev ntawm Artemis ntawm Ephesus

Lub tuam tsev yog pom zoo raws li ib tug ntawm xya kev xav uas nyob hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no. Nws yog situated nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm cov niaj hnub hauv lub zos uas Selcuk (qaib ntxhw). Cov kev siv yog nyuab thiab tragic keeb kwm.

ntawm qhov chaw, tus thawj thiab feem ntau nquag tsev tsa nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub 6 xyoo pua. BC. e., thiab nyob rau hauv 356 nws hlawv Herostrat. Tsis ntev, ancient tuam tsev rebuilt nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub thib peb xyoo pua, nws rov tshwm sim los kev puas tsuaj, lub sij hawm no lub Goths. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4. sanctuary thawj kaw thiab ces demolished nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov profession ntawm ib tug tshiab kev ntseeg - cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab kev txwv tsis pub ntawm pagan kev lis kev cai thiab cults. Ua rau lub site ntawm nws pawg ntseeg, txawm li cas los, kuj sawv tsis ntev.

Raws li mythology, Artemis lees paub ntxaib muam ntawm Apollo. Nws coj kev kho mob ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam hauv ntiaj teb no (cov tsiaj, cov nroj tsuag), muab kev kho mob ntawm lawv thiab tiv thaiv. Tsis txhob tso tseg koj cov xim, nws thiab cov neeg, muab kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv kev sib yuav thiab foom koob hmoov rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm offspring. Lub cult ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm lub nroog Efexus tau muaj txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial. Nyob rau hauv Honor nws cov pej xeem ua lub tsev loj loj tuam tsev (ntev 105 m, dav ntawm 52 m, qhov siab ntawm tus kab 127 ntsia tau rau hauv yim kab, sib npaug zos rau 18 m). Nws tau pub nyiaj rau cov Lydian huab tais. Siv cov kev faib twb nqa tawm rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no hloov ob peb architects. Lub tuam tsev yuav ua tau cov ntshiab dawb marble, thiab tus pej thuam uas tus vajtswv poj niam ua los ntawm kaus ntxhw thiab kub. Nws yog ib tug ua lag ua luam thiab nyiaj txiag qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog, nyob rau hauv tib lub kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies. Qhov no ancient lub tuam tsev yog tsis muaj los ntawm lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm thiab yog tag nrho nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib ntawm cov pov thawj. Tam sim no, tsuas yog ib reconstructed kem yuav pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nyob rau hauv Miniaturk Park (qaib ntxhw), koj muaj peev xwm saib ib tug qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev (pictured saum toj no).

Classical lub sij hawm architecture

Classical lub sij hawm, uas ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 470 388 xyoo. BC. e. - qhov no yog qhov heyday ntawm lub xeev, lub era ntawm kev cai ywj pheej thiab lub siab tshaj plaws nqa. Nyob rau hauv Athens qhov zoo tshaj plaws craftsmen yog flocking thoob tim Nkij teb chaws. Txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub architecture yog inseparably txuas nrog lub npe ntawm tus loj tshaj sculptor ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no - Phidias. Ib tug tseem ceeb politician thiab Pericles tau teev tseg ib tug loj-scale thiab ambitious kev loj hlob lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Acropolis. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Phidias nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 5th century BC. e. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nquag siv tej yaam num rau cov uas kawm tiav muaj yog ib tug zoo meej architectural khaub ncaws ntau, coj los ntawm - cov Parthenon. Acropolis ntawm Athens tau lavishly dai kom zoo nkauj nrog sculptures ntawm tus tswv thiab nws cov thwj tim.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub architecture ntawm lub classical lub sij hawm txuas ntxiv mus rau tus thawj lub Doric style lub tuam tsev. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav yooj yim rau daim ntawv thiab bolder nyob rau hauv tus qhab dav hlau. Maj mam nkag mus rau hauv kev siv lub Ionic thiab Corinthian style. Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws nws tus kheej, lub tuam tsev yog noble, elegant thiab lub teeb. Kev mloog yog them mus rau lub proportions thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Architects siv dawb marble, nws yog yooj yim los mus zoo ua. Ib qho ntawm feem zoo kawg li monuments ntawm cov sij hawm yog lub tuam tsev uas Theseus, nyob rau hauv Athens. Qhov no yog ib tug prime piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas lub Doric style twb softened nyob rau hauv Attica.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Sicily tseem mus rau tus thawj lub Doric style, amazing colossal lug.

Parthenon

Acropolis ntawm Rocky Hill nruab nrab yog 156 m nyob rau hauv qhov siab nrog ib tug ca saum toj, muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 300 m thiab ib tug dav ntawm 170 m no nce lub ntsiab monument antique architecture -. Zoo kawg li Parthenon. Lub tuam tsev yog nplooj siab mus rau lub Patroness ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm Attica thiab Athens nyob rau hauv particular nkauj xwb-vajtswv poj niam Athena. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv 447-438 xyoo. Callicrates kes duab vajtse ntawm peb tes num, uas tsim los ntawm lub ancient Greek kes duab vajtse Iktinos thiab richly decorated nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm tus sculptor Phidias. Tam sim no hauv lub tuam tsev yog nyob rau hauv ruins, yog nquag nyob rau hauv reconstruction.

Parthenon - yog ib tug ancient tuam tsev, uas yog ib tug Doric peripetr nrog cov ntsiab ntawm cov Ionic style. Nws yog situated rau peb marble kauj ruam uas ib qhov siab ntawm txog 1.5 m nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab ntawm cov tuam tsev surrounded los ntawm ib tug colonnade :. 8 kab rau lub facade ntawm lub tsev thiab 17 rau txhua sab.

Cov khoom uas yog tsa sanctuary - pentiliysky marble. Masonry yog qhuav, piv txwv li. E. Tau tsis muaj qhov siv ntawm mortar los yog xis mas tsevneeg.

Tuam tsev ntawm Zeus

Tuam tsev ntawm Olympian Zeus yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau revered nyob rau hauv ancient Greece. Lub tuam tsev no, uas yog ib tug yeej muaj tseeb piv txwv ntawm cov Doric kev txiav txim, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog mus rau lub classical lub sij hawm. Tuam tsev muab lub sij hawm rau hauv 52 lub Olympic ua si, tab sis kev tsim kho tau ua tiav tsuas yog ntawm 472-456 xyoo. BC. e. Tag nrho cov tib Phidias.

Nws yog ib tug classic periptera nrog 13 txhua raws lub tsev thiab 6 - rau nws dav. Tuam tsev ua ntawm coquina limestone tauj mus rau Poros. qauv siab mus txog 22 m, dav - 27 m, thiab ntev -. 64 m Ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tsos ua muaj los ntawm 1875 excavation nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov German archaeologist E. Curtius. Hauv lub tuam tsev nyob tseem ib tug ntawm xya kev xav ntawm cov ancient ntiaj teb no - nws yog tsim los ntawm Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya pej thuam ntawm Zeus, uas nws qhov siab tshaj 10 m.

Tuam tsev ntawm Zeus, nrog rau ntau lwm tus neeg nyob rau hauv Olympia twb puas lawm nyob rau behest uas huab tais Theodosius II, raws li pov thawj ntawm ib tug pagan kev ntseeg thiab kev cai. Cov tseem muaj sia nyob seem thaum kawg faus nyob rau hauv lub rubble muaj av qeeg 522 thiab 551 BC. e. Excavated tawg tsam ntawm lub tuam tsev yog muab tsuas yog nyob rau Archaeological Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Olympia, ib co - nyob rau hauv lub Paris Louvre.

Tuam tsev ntawm qhov hluav taws kub vaj Hephaestus

Ancient lub tuam tsev lub sij hawm classical, nplooj siab mus rau Hephaestus, fwm nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov zoo. Nws ua tau tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 449 thiab 415 xyoo. BC. e. Sanctuary nruab nrab yog siv Doric. Rau cov lus qhia txog cov kws kes duab vajtse tsis tau ciaj sia, tej zaum, nws yog ib yam kws kes duab vajtse uas twb koom nyob rau hauv lub erection ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Ares nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no nyob rau ntawm lub Cape Sounion, thiab Nemesis nyob rau hauv Ramnunte.

Tus qauv twb tsis puas lawm thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm Christianity. Ntxiv mus, lub tuam tsev yog siv raws li lub Koom Txoos Orthodox nws. St. George los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th rau 1834. Tom qab ntawd, nws twb muab tus txheej xwm ntawm ib lub teb chaws monument.

Hellenistic lub sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 338 mus rau 180 xyoo. BC. e. Greek architecture yog pib poob nws cov yam ntxwv kev coj dawb huv ntawm saj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm sensuality thiab splendor, penetrated rau tim Nkij teb chaws los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Sculptors, painters thiab architects muaj ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lub tsev zoo, nws cov splendor. Nws yog muaj qhov txhia chaw predilection rau Corinthian style. Tsa lub pej xeem ua cim ntawm lub tsev - tsev, palaces, thiab lwm yam ...

Paub tuam tsev tim Nkij teb chaws Hellenic lub sij hawm mob siab Winged Athena (nyob rau hauv Tegea) Zeus (nyob rau hauv Nemea). Muaj ntau ntau grand thiab luxurious cov tsev nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub loj loj tuam tsev nyob rau hauv Miletus F. Didimskogo (pictured saum toj no).

Roman faj tim teb chaws sij hawm

Tsim Tau Ib Great faj tim teb chaws muab ib tug xaus rau lub classics thiab Greek kev cai ywj pheej. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Hellenistic Greek art dhau nws theem kawg ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Los raws li cov cai ntawm lub nroog Loos, tim Nkij teb chaws poob nws txoj qub greatness, thiab architectural kev ua si twb yuav luag tag tso tseg. Txawm li cas los, qhov nyuab sau nyob rau hauv mus ib txhis nroog, coj cov kev lig kev cai ntawm nws kos duab thiab pab mus rau zoo nkauj ntawm lub Roman architecture. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm (180-90 xyoo. BC. E.) Greek kos duab yuav luag merges nrog rau cov Roman.