Atom - nws yog ib qho indivisible ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem

Atom - yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ib particle ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws yog ib npib tooj tub ntxhais uas nyob zoo li ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub, lub electrons tig. Oddly txaus, tab sis qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle sab thiab formulated lub notion ntawm nws tsis tau ancient Greek thiab ancient Indian zaum muaj tej nuj nqis cov khoom los yog cov theoretical moj khaum. Lawv teb rau centuries muaj nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm hypotheses, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, chemists tau experimentally ua pov thawj rau hauv lub validity ntawm lub ancient theories. Tab sis science yog sai mus rau pem suab, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, physicists sab subatomic Cheebtsam thiab cov qauv ntawm tus hais. Nws yog ces hais tias qhov no yog refuted los ntawm lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub atom li "indivisible". Cuaj kaum, lub tswvyim twb nkag mus rau hauv scientific siv, thiab fwm.

Ancient kws tshawb fawb xav hais tias lub atom - ib tug super-me me daim ntawm tej teeb meem. Los ntawm lawv cov zoo, massiveness, xim thiab lwm yam tsis yog nyob ntawm seb lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance. Piv txwv li, Demokrit ntseeg tias hluav taws kub atoms tsis tshua muaj neeg ntse, vim hais tias nws Burns, khib nyiab hais muaj ntxhib chaw uas zoo txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam, dej atoms - du thiab nplua, raws li impart kua fluidity. Txawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus txiv neej Democritus ntseeg muaj ib ntus kev twb kev txuas ntawm atoms uas tawg ua me me thaum tus neeg tuag.

Ntau niaj hnub qauv npaj nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua Japanese physicist Nagaoka. Nws qhia lub theoretical kev loj hlob, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov atom - ib qhov system planetary nyob rau hauv ib tug me me scale, thiab nws cov qauv yog zoo li tus Saturn system. Xws li ib tug qauv tsis yog. Closer rau kev muaj tiag yog Bohr qauv ntawm lub atom-Rezerfrda, tab sis nws ua tsis tau tejyam dab tsi rau tag nrho cov lub cev thiab hluav taws xob khoom ntawm lub corpuscles. Tsuas yog tus assumption tias cov atom - yog ib tug qauv uas muaj xws li tsis tsuas cov particle zog, tab sis kuj quantum, yuav piav tus loj tshaj xov tooj ntawm cai tseeb.

Corpuscles tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug bound lub xeev, tab sis ua tau - nyob rau hauv lub dawb. Piv txwv li, ib tug oxygen atom rau tshwm sim tawm lub molecule, nws tus kheej kev cob cog rua rau lwm yam xws li hais. Tom qab lub fais paug, e.g., nag xob nag, nws yog tag nrho nyob rau hauv ntau cov qauv - azine, uas muaj triatomic molecules. Raws li, rau ib tug tej yam zoo ntawm tebchaw tsim nyog atoms tej physico-tshuaj tej yam kev mob. Tab sis muaj muaj zog ties ntawm tus hais ntawm lub molecule. Piv txwv li, ib tug nitrogen atom kev cob cog rua rau lwm triple daim ntawv cog lus, li no molecule tsis tshua muaj zog thiab tsis yog yuav hloov.

Yog hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm protons (particle ntxhais) yog zoo li lub xov tooj ntawm electrons, rotating nyob rau hauv orbits, lub atom yog electrically nruab nrab. Yog hais tias tus neeg yog tsis tam sim no, ces tus particle muaj ib tug tsis zoo los yog ib tug zoo paug thiab yog hu ua ib tug ion. Feem ntau, cov them hais tsim los ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hluav taws xob teb, radiations ntawm cov xwm sib txawv los yog kub. Lub ions sib thajmaum. Cov them atoms yuav dynamically hnov mob nrog lwm tus.