Bookplate - yog dab tsi? Bookplate: duab

Kiv cua thiab lolus sau phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txhua yam uas nws muaj nws tus kheej yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus rau tiv thaiv lawv wealth, bibliophiles thiab connoisseurs glued los yog ntaus thwj rau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, cov phau ntawv cov qhab nia - bookplate. Yuav ua li cas yog nws, thaum twg thiab qhov twg nws tawm los ntawm, yuav ua li cas nws tshwm sim thiab yuav ua li cas los ua qhov no "duab aphorism," sim qhia rau koj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Txhais los ntawm Latin rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Ex Libris txhais tau tias "los ntawm cov phau ntawv." Nws yog inextricably txuas nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv medieval cob qhia - scriptoria nyob rau hauv monasteries, qhov twg folios los theej. Nws yog muaj hais tias txawm tau pib ua thiaj li hu ua tswv 'inscriptions rau hauv phau ntawv, pib nrog cov lus "los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv" los yog "los ntawm cov phau ntawv", thiab ces mus rau qhia lub npe thiab tus tswv lub npe los yog lub npe ntawm lub monastery los yog lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Nws niaj hnub thiab paub rau peb ib tug saib ntawm daim ntawv daim ntawv lo Document rau hauv phau ntawv losis tswvyim dabtsi, bookplate yuam ua hauj lwm typography thiab German masters. Tej zaum nws yog heev txawv - ib tug yooj yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj, dub thiab dawb thiab xim. Cov feem ntau yooj yim piv txwv, paub peb txhua tus los ntawm thaum yau - lub tsev qiv ntawv bookplate affixed mus rau phau ntawv muab nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Aesthetically nws yog ib tug tsis muaj dab tsi, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov lus qhia txog tus tswv ntawm daim ntawv.

Bookplate - Ex Libris - tsis tseem unchanged, lub zam tiam sis ntawm ib tug era, tus kheej nyiam thiab tastes ntawm tus tswv thiab txawm siv printing kho vajtse muaj ib feem nyob rau nws cov tsos.

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, tus kheej bookplate yog encrypted mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg degree ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus tswv tsev, nws lub xeem thiab lub npe, txoj hauj lwm, tus cwj pwm, kev txaus siab. Muaj qee zaus thaum tshuav exlibris muaj ib tug ntau dua tus nqi tshaj rau hauv phau ntawv nws tus kheej, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nyob rau.

Thaum lawv tau muaj?

Teb cov lus nug seb tus bookplate - dab tsi nws yog, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub seb nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas ua li no artistic phenomenon.

Raws li zaum, tus hiob bookplate yog nyob rau hauv lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab nws tau koom Amenhotep IV thiab hnub rov qab mus rau XIV xyoo pua BC. e. Lub siab kom paub tias cov tswv cuab ntawm xws precious yam raws li cov phau ntawv, yog heev nkag siab. Tsuas yog cov haib tshaj thiab muaj myiaj cov neeg yuav them taus los muaj tus thawj thiab sim kom paub tias cov cai cuab yeej khaws cia nws.

Tom qab cov tsos ntawm cov thawj luam cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov neeg coj bookplates, uas yuav qhia rau tus tswv tsev. Lub hiob kaw German bookplate hais txog 1450, thiab Fabkis Zhana Berto La Tour Blanche - mus 1529.

Ib qho ntawm thawj ntawm cov lus Askiv, Dutch thiab Italian ex Libris nyob rau hauv 1579, 1597 thiab 1622, ntsig txog.

Classification thiab hom

Muaj evolved tiam dhau ib tiam, phau ntawv cov qhab nia yuav tsum txwv kom muab zais rau hauv lub nram qab no ob lub ntsiab hom:

• font - qhia xwb lub npe thiab lub xeem ntawm tus tswv;
• kos duab, tua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tej yam me me daim duab, luv luv qhia txog tus tswv tsev qiv ntawv.

Cia wb mus ze zog saib cov kos duab bookplate, nws yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi nws views yog. Tag nrho peb ntawm lawv:

1. Stamp yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub XVI-XVII centuries, nws xwm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm tus tswv tsev. Nws yog tsim raws li cov kev cai heraldic kos duab.
2. Monogram muaj kos duab kho npe ntawm tus tswv tsev. Xws li ib tug bookplate (pictured saum toj no) yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.
3. Scene lub feem ntau zoo nkauj thiab muaj peev xwm muaj xws li ntau yam ntsiab, reflecting tus kheej nyiam, profession thiab yam uas koj nyiam ntawm tus tswv tsev.

Hais tias lawv sawv cev rau?

Yog hais tias ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv cim prevailed cim thiab lub npe, niaj hnub bookplates nyob rau hauv feem ntau muaj ob qhov chaw: ib daim duab thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub inscription rau cov kev cai qhia ua tswv cuab phau ntawv mus rau ib tug kev tswv, cov duab yuav ua tau kiag li ib yam dab tsi. Thaum tsim bookplates, ntxias yog hais kom tso saib ib tug nam ntawm lub neej los yog cov tsev qiv ntawv tswv nyiam. Tej piv txwv txog cov duab tas, nyob rau nws yuav ua tau portrait los yog toj roob hauv pes, zaub los yog kho kom zoo nkauj khoom tsev qiv ntawv architecture grotesque los yog caricatured. Muaj tsis muaj kev txwv, lwm yam tshaj li tus neeg muas zaub lub tswv yim thiab kev txawj ntawm cov artist.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm yog nrov bookplates nrog rau cov duab ntawm Lenin, dab neeg thiab muaj nqi heev ntawm lub Civil thiab cov poj Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, ua hauj lwm rau exploits cov neeg ua hauj lwm thiab peasants, lub conquest ntawm qhov chaw.

Yuav ua li cas yuav lawv ua li ntawd?

Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau hom kev kawm rau cov bookplates:

• typesetting;
• stamp;
• zincographic;
• lithography;
• txhob lo lo ntxhuav-screen printing;
• prints rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv.

Ib tug nyuag saib qhov sib txawv txoj kev uas yuav siv tau thaum ua bookplate phau ntawv.

woodcutting

Ib tug ntawm cov hiob hom kev kawm yog ib tug woodcut - engraving, ua rau tsob ntoo. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub VIII xyoo pua BC. e. East tau txais high-zoo prints los ntawm cov kho ntoo chaw, thiab lub XIV xyoo pua ib tug zoo xws li cov txheej txheem tau thov nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Peb hu ua qhov no zoo ntawm woodcuts txiav, nqa nws mus rau lub longitudinal pom txiav muag ntoo, feem ntau yog ib tug pear, ib tug txaug thiab ib rab riam. Vim hais tias ntawm cov kuj ntawm ntoo fibers txheej txheem yog zoo thiab laborious. Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua English engraver Thomas Bewick yees ib txoj kev mus xaus lub engraving tseg rau tus ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm khoom ntoo tshwj xeeb cutter. Qhov no zoo ntawm kev kos sai sai tau chaw vim hais tias nws tso cai kom tau nyias thiab huv si kab, qhov yuav tsum tau tob thiab du zaus ntawm lub teeb thiab chaw tsaus.

Engraving rau tooj liab

Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov hiob txoj kev los mus tsim prints nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nws yog ua los ntawm tej ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv cutter rau tooj liab thiab tom ntej filling ntawm lub grooves tau xim. Tom qab no qauv sau nyob rau hauv siab, ntub, ntxeem tau dej daim ntawv xim. Cov txheej txheem no yog heev nyuab nyob rau hauv tua, vim hais tias koj yuav hloov tsis tau dab tsi los yog txhim kho.

etching

Qhov no yog cov feem ntau nrov txoj kev uas raug yog exlibrises acid etching qauv rau ib tug zinc los yog tooj liab phaj. Ua ntej, rau lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib them nrog ib tug hlau, thov tshwj xeeb lacquer muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li ciab thiab resinous tshuaj. Thaum lub kua roj vanish yog solidified, cov artist tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb koob, raug lead lom rau hlau qauv. Thaum ib tug duab yog kis, lub phaj yog dipped nyob rau hauv ib lub taub ntim ntawm nitric acid corrodes cov hlau. Thaum lim los ntawm acid kua roj vanish tau nto qauv.

tiam

Yog hais tias ua ntej lawm ntxias bookplates ua los ntawm woodcuts los yog etchings, niaj hnub no feem ntau cov bookplates tua los ntawm ib tug roj hmab stamp cliché. Niaj hnub nimno kev cov khoom tso cai rau kos qhov tsawg tshaj plaws cov ntsiab ntawm cov bookplates uas tso cai rau koj los mus tsim txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

Phau Ntawv ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia

Mus txog rau lub XVIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thaud, thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tseg tau lawv cia cov tswv ntawm cia li ua "possessory title", nyob rau hauv uas thawj thiab lub xeem lub npe raug faib. Tsaug rau lub Lavxias teb sab printing pioneer Ivanu Fedorovu thawj sau bookplate nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XVIII caug xyoo. Chiv, nws yog tsuas yog stamp cov duab, tab sis maj mam pib tshwm zajlus drawings muab nrog ib tug nyuag ntsiab lus, hnov lub loj hlob lub party txoj hauj lwm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Peter kuv Secular ntaub ntawv los ua ntau thiab los nyob rau hauv ib tug bookplate zam. Drawings, thov mus rau sau xov xwm, cov pej xeem thiab ua cov kev kawm ntawm kev sib tham, xav cov kev sib raug raws li txoj cai ntawm tus tswv.

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua intellectuals active txheej tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab cov private tsev qiv ntawv ceased mus yuav ib lub cim ntawm lub cib fim. Muaj ntau kawm ntawv cov neeg, kws tshawb fawb, sau ntawv maj tsim ib tug uas nws kim heev tsev qiv ntawv sau. Qhov no tau pab mus rau ntau nthuav rau ntawm bookplates, tab sis coj mus rau nws cov simplification. Es pompous tsev neeg crests los yog monograms nyob li qub ncej, ua nyob rau hauv daim qauv, uas haum rau koj tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab ib tug mus tas qhov chaw ntawm phau ntawv - chav txee thiab txee.

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua bookplate yuav zoo ywj siab ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov duab kos duab. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia ib hom ntawv nyeem xyaum los ntawm xws li nto moo ntxias li Aleksandr Benua, Leon Bakst, Georgy Narbut, Elena Lancer, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Nws kuj paub tias tsuas yog bookplate Vasnetsov yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1901, yuav tsum tau pes tsawg, block printing "Iz knig YOG Ostroukhova "ua ib tug zoo-paub engraver ntawm lub sij hawm VV Ua niam txiv nyob rau hauv cov duab uas cov artist ua nyob rau hauv number case.

Cov niaj hnub keeb kwm ntawm phau ntawv kos npe rau

Tom qab lub 1917 kiv puag ncig thiab lub Civil War muaj ib tug txheej ntawm cov duab ntxias, xws li Nikolai Kupriyanov, Vladimir Favorsky, Alex Kravchenko thiab lwm yam masters. Kawm Exlibris txhab ho, thiab bookplate pib qhia ib tug neeg cwm pwm sijhawm thiab nyiam ntawm tus tswv ntawm cov phau ntawv.

Cov tom ntej no lub sij hawm ntawm bookplates chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws pib 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum cov neeg los ua kev koom tes nyob rau hauv sau phau ntawv. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias qhov hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog heev tsawg ideological lub moj khaum, qhov nyuab tau tsim muaj ntau yam interesting thiab txawv txawv bookplates.

Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub XXI xyoo pua, txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub exlibris yog ua muaj zog. Qhov no yog vim feem ntau mus rau lub fact tias ntau thiab ntau tshaj ntawm peb cov contemporaries rau siab mus muaj ib tug tus kheej, tus kheej bookplate, pub, xws li Ex Libris, uas yog hauv qab no tus yees duab.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Tam sim no, phau ntawv cov qhab nia pab tsis tau tsuas yog khaws cia lub sam xeeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis kuj raws li collectible khoom. Lawv yuav qhia tau ntau yam txog ib tug era, tus tswv thiab lawv fates. Teb cov lus nug seb tus bookplate - dab tsi nws yog, peb yuav hais tias qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug niaj hnub ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm graphic arts, tab sis kuj lub hom phiaj cim xeeb ntawm bygone lub sij hawm thiab cov txiv neej.