British molecular biologist, thiab biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: biography, achievements, discoveries thiab nthuav tseeb

Francis Crick Harri Compton yog ib tug ntawm ob molecular biologists uas unraveled daim card qauv cab kuj ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), yog li pib lub neej tshiab nimno molecular biology. Tom qab no yuav tsum muaj foundations nws tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub caj code thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov noob, raws li zoo li nyob rau hauv neurobiology. Nws noj lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv 1962 nrog James Watson thiab Maurice Wilkins rau lub elucidation ntawm DNA qauv.

Frensis Krik: biography

Cov laus ntawm ob tug tub, Francis, tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm Harry Crick thiab Elizabeth Ann Wilkins Lub rau hli ntuj 8, 1916 nyob rau hauv Northampton, England. Nws tau mus kawm lub zos qauv sau ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog los ua xav nyob rau hauv sim kawm, feem ntau nrog los ntawm tshuaj explosions. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws yeej ib yam khoom plig rau sau wildflowers. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb obsessed nrog ntaus pob tesniv, tiam sis tsis ntau xav nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev ua si thiab kev ua si. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14, Francis tau txais ib daim scholarship nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Zeb Hill, sab qaum teb London. Plaub lub xyoos tom qab, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, nws kawm University College. Kom nws ua neeg laus cov niam txiv tsiv los ntawm Northampton nyob rau hauv Zeb Hill, thiab nws tau tso cai Francis nyob thaum kawm nyob rau hauv tsev. Nws kawm tiav nrog rau honors nyob rau hauv Physics.

Tom qab undergraduate Frensis Krik coj los da Costa Andrade ntawm University College ua kev tshawb fawb viscosity ntawm dej nyob rau hauv siab thiab sov siab. Nyob rau hauv 1940, Francis tau txais ib tug pej xeem chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Admiralty, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm anti-nkoj mines. Nyuam qhuav pib lub xyoo no, Crick sib yuav Luv ua poj niam Doreen Dodd. Lawv tus tub Michael yug thaum lub sij hawm ib tug huab cua tua nyob rau London Kaum ib hlis 25, 1940. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tsov rog, Francis tau muab tso rau hauv lub scientific kev tshawb kawm txog lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub British Admiralty nyob rau hauv Whitehall, qhov uas nws teem rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm riam phom.

Nyob rau lub verge ntawm nyob thiab tsis muaj sia

Paub tias nws yuav xav tau ntxiv cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom los siav lawv lub siab xav mus koom nyob rau hauv yooj yim kev tshawb fawb, Crick txiav txim siab mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj degree siab tshaj. Raws li nws, nws tau fascinated los ntawm ob qhov chaw biology - tus ciam ntawm cov ciaj thiab cov uas tsis muaj sia thiab lub hlwb kev ua si. Creek xaiv tus thawj, txawm lub fact tias nws paub me ntsis txog qhov kev kawm. Tom qab ua ntej kev tshawb fawb ntawm University College nyob rau hauv 1947, nws nres ntawm ib qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub laboratory nyob rau hauv Cambridge nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Artura Hyuza, hais txog mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cytoplasm kab lis kev cai ntawm nqaij qaib fibroblasts.

Ob xyoos tom qab, Crick koom cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Council of Medical kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Cavendish Laboratory. Nws muaj British kawm Maks Peruts thiab Dzhon Kendryu (yav tom ntej Nobel nqi zog winners). Francis pib muab kev koom tes nrog lawv, ostensibly mus kawm cov protein, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag mus ua hauj lwm nrog Watson rau cov qauv ntawm cov DNA unraveling.

ob helix

Nyob rau hauv 1947, Frensis Krik sib nrauj Doreen thiab nyob rau hauv 1949 tau sib yuav Odile ceev, me nyuam kawm ntawv, artist, uas nws tau ntsib thaum nws tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub Navy thaum lub sij hawm nws kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub Admiralty. Cov sib yuav coincided nrog pib ntawm nws cov neeg sib tw ua hauj lwm rau X-ray diffractometry proteins. Qhov no txoj kev ntawm kev kawm tus siv lead ua qauv ntawm cov molecules, uas txhais tau lub ntsiab ntawm lawv peb-seem qauv.

Nyob rau hauv 1941 lub Cavendish kuaj taws los ntawm Sir William Lawrence Bragg, uas yog ib tug tho kev ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction txoj kev, plaub caug xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv 1951, Crick koom los ntawm Dzheyms Uotson, ib tug mus xyuas American, uas tau kawm nrog cov Italian tus kws kho mob Salvador Edward Luria thiab yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm physicists uas tau kawm cov kab mob viruses, lub npe hu ua bacteriophages.

Raws li nws cov npoj yaig, Watson twb xav nyob rau hauv lub qhia tawm ntawm nyob tus yeees ntawm cov noob xav hais tias cov tshuaj qauv ntawm DNA yog lub feem ntau pheej tshuaj. Kev koom tes ntawm Crick thiab Watson tsim los ntawm zoo xws li cov ambitions thiab zoo sib xws thought dab. Lawv txawj ntse complements txhua lwm yam. By lub sij hawm lawv thawj tau ntsib Crick paub ntau npaum li cas txog cov X-hluav taws xob diffraction thiab cov qauv ntawm cov protein, thiab Watson yog zoo paub txog bacteriophages thiab kab mob noob caj noob ces.

cov Franklin

Frensis Krik thiab Dzheyms Uotson twb paub txog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm biochemists Maurice Wilkins thiab Rosalind Franklin ntawm King kawm ntawv qib siab nyob rau hauv London, uas nrog rau kev pab los ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction tshawb xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov DNA. Creek, nyob rau hauv particular, hu ua lub London Group los tsim kom tau cov qauv, xws li cov neeg ua Laynus Poling nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov protein alpha helix. Pauling, txiv tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus tswvyim pom tias cov proteins muaj ib tug peb-dimensional qauv thiab yog tsis tsuas linear amino acid saw.

Wilkins thiab Franklin, kuj nws tus kheej, nyiam meej pem dua sim mus kom ze theoretical simulating txoj kev Pauling, uas adhered mus rau Francis. Txij li thaum cov pab pawg neeg ntawm huab tais lub College tsis teb rau lawv lub tswv yim, Crick thiab Watson muaj devoted ib feem ntawm ib tug ob-xyoo lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib tham thiab sib ceg. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1953 lawv pib ua ib tug qauv ntawm cov DNA.

DNA qauv

Siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction Franklin, los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm mus sib hais thiab yuam kev, lawv tau tsim ib tug qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, uas yog zoo ib yam nrog rau cov lus xaus ntawm qhov London Group thiab cov ntaub ntawv biochemist Erwin Chargaff. Nyob rau hauv 1950 lub caij nyoog kawg no pom tau tias cov txheeb ze npaum li cas ntawm cov plaub nucleotides hais tias ua li DNA, raws li nram no tej kev cai, yog ib tus uas yog mus phim tus nqi ntawm cov adenine (A) tus nqi ntawm cov thymine (T) thiab tus nqi ntawm guanine (G) lub xov tooj ntawm cytosine (C). Tej kev sib txuas lus yuav pairing ntawm A thiab T thiab cov C thiab G, refuting lub tswv yim hais tias tus DNA - nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib tug tetranucleotide, uas yog ib tug yooj yim molecule muaj tag nrho plaub bases.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1953, Watson thiab Crick sau plaub khoom hais txog cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid thiab xav nta, cov thawj ntawm cov uas nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal Xwm rau 25 Plaub Hlis Ntuj. Publications ua raws li los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Wilkins, Franklin, thiab lawv cov npoj yaig tau hais sim cov pov thawj rau ib tug qauv. Watson yeej lub pov thiab muab tso rau lub xeem ua ntej, yog li mus ib txhis txuas siv scientific kev kawm nrog ib tug khub ntawm Watson-Crick.

kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code

Nyob rau tom ntej no ob peb xyoos, Frensis Krik tau kawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov DNA thiab cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code. Nws koom tes nrog Vernon Ingram tau coj mus rau demonstrations nyob rau hauv 1956, nyob tus yeees ntawm qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv hemoglobin ntawm sickle-cell anemia los ntawm ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib tug amino acid. Txoj kev tshawb no muab pov thawj tias kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kab mob tej zaum yuav txuam nrog DNA-protein ratio.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm rau Crick nyob rau Cavendish Kuaj tuaj koom lub noob caj noob ces thiab Molecular Biology ntawm lub South African Sydney Brenner. Lawv pib nrog "qhov teeb meem ntawm coding" - lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub theem ntawm cov DNA bases ntaub ntawv ib theem ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv lub protein. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv 1957 nyob rau hauv lub title "Nyob rau synthesis ntawm cov protein." Nws Crick formulated qhov yooj yim postulate ntawm molecular biology, raws li uas, cov ntaub ntawv kis los ntawm ib tug protein rov qab lawm. Nws yog kwv yees hais tias tus protein synthesis machinery los ntawm kis cov lus qhia los ntawm DNA rau RNA thiab los ntawm RNA rau protein.

Salk lub koom haum

Nyob rau hauv 1976, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug so Crick twb muaj ib tug mus tas txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lom tshawb fawb Salk nyob rau hauv La Jolla, California. Nws pom zoo thiab tus so ntawm nws lub neej nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Salk lub koom haum, nrog rau cov thawj coj. Muaj Creek pib kawm hauj lwm ntawm lub hlwb, uas yog xav nyob rau hauv nws los ntawm qhov pib ib lub scientific hauj lwm. Nws yog tsuas yog koom nyob rau hauv lub nco qab thiab sim mus tua lub teeb meem los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no uas tsis pom kev. Creek tau luam tawm ob peb cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub speculative mechanisms ntawm kev npau suav thiab saib xyuas, tab sis, raws li nws sau nyob rau hauv nws autobiography, nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab yug tej kev tshawb xav, uas yuav nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib tug tshiab thiab txaus ntseeg dua piav qhia txog ntau yam kev sim tseeb.

"Qhia panspermia" Kev nthuav rov ntawm kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub Salk lub koom haum yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws lub tswv yim. Nrog rau Leslie Orgel, nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tswv yim hais tias microbes tau soared nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, kom nws thiaj li mus txog lub ntiaj teb thiab tseb nws, thiab hais tias nws twb ua tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Action, "ib tug neeg." Yog li ntawd Frensis Krik refuted lub hom phiaj ntawm creationism, qhia li cas nws yog ua tau yuav ua kom paub speculative tswv yim.

txeeb tus paub txog

Thaum lub sij hawm nws cov hauj lwm nquag theorist ntawm niaj hnub txog biology Frensis Krik sau ua ke, tsim thiab zoo dua lub sim ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm tus neeg thiab coj lawv txawv txawv uas nrhiav tau nyob rau qhov yuav tsum muaj teeb meem ntawm kev kawm. Nws extraordinary kev, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub Nobel nqi zog, yeej nws txeeb heev heev. Cov muaj xws li cov Lasker puav pheej, lub nqi zog ntawm Fabkis Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub Charles Mayer thiab puav pheej ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Society Copley. Nyob rau hauv 1991 nws tau txais raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Merit.

Crick tuag Lub Xya hli ntuj 28, 2004 nyob rau hauv San Diego thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 88 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 2016 Francis Crick lub koom haum ua tau nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb London. Tus qauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm 660 million phaus yog qhov loj tshaj plaws qhov chaw rau biomedical kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe.