Zog thiab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates. carbohydrates muaj nuj nqi

Rau cov tib neeg lub cev, raws li zoo li lwm yam nyob beings yuav zog. Yog tsis muaj nws, tsis muaj txaus yuav ua tsis tau dab. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tej enzymatic txheej txheem los yog theem ntawm metabolism xav tau kev pab lub zog qhov chaw.

Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, muab lub cev muaj zog rau lub neej, yog heev loj thiab tseem ceeb heev. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem? Carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, cov rog. Tus qauv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog sib txawv, lawv yuav mus rau txawv kiag li cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj tebchaw, tab sis ib tug ntawm lawv zog yog zoo - muab lub cev nrog rau qhov tsim nyog lub zog rau lub neej. Xav txog ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm cov nram qab no yam - carbohydrates.

kev faib ntawm carbohydrates

Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm carbohydrates txij thaum lawv qhib txhais los ntawm lawv lub npe. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov qhov chaw nws twb assumed tias nws yog xws li ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tebchaw uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov carbon atoms sib raug zoo rau cov dej lwg me me.

Ib tug ntau txhij txhua tsom, raws li zoo raws li lub sau ntaub ntawv rau cov muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tso cai los ua pov thawj hais tias tsis yog tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev yog tsuas ib feem. Txawm li cas los, qhov no feature yog tseem ib tug ntawm cov uas yuav txiav txim cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates.

Niaj hnub nimno kev faib ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm tebchaw yog raws li nram no:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, piam thaj thiab thiaj li nyob).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose).

Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov carbohydrates yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no ob pawg:

• es ua;
• uas tsis yog-txo.

Tus qauv ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm carbohydrates txhua pab pawg neeg coj ib tug los ze zog saib.

Monosaccharides: yam ntxwv

Qhov no muaj xws li qeb tag nrho cov yooj yim carbohydrates uas muaj ib tug aldehyde (aldose) los yog ketone (ketose) pab pawg neeg thiab tsis ntau tshaj 10 carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau qauv. Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw, lub monosaccharides yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose thiab deoxyribose);
• hexoses (qabzib, fructose).

Tag nrho lwm cov neeg sawv cev yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub cev uas tau teev tseg.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules

Nyob rau hauv cov qauv monosaccharides yuav tuaj raws li ib tug saw, thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug cyclic carbohydrate. Yuav ua li cas no tshwm sim? Qhov no yog hais tias lub hauv paus carbon atom nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog yog ib tug asymmetric chaw ib ncig uas lub molecule nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog tau tig. Txij li thaum txoj kev kho qhov muag isomers monosaccharides L- thiab D-cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov mis zib kaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ncaj saw, yuav puas to taub txog tus aldehyde pab pawg neeg (los yog ketone) thiab yob li mus rau hauv ib lub pob. Yuav kom muab tau cov coj cyclic mis.

Cov tshuaj qauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm carbohydrates monosaccharides heev yooj yim: tus xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms txoj kev ua saw los yog lub nplhaib, txhua tus uas yog sib txawv los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau ib sab ntawm hydroxyl pab pawg thiab hydrogen atoms. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau ib sab ntawm tus qauv, ces tus D-isomer yog tsim, yog hais tias rau txawv interleaved txhua lwm yam - ces L-isomer. Yog hais tias peb sau cov kev mis Sawv Cev ntawm feem ntau monosaccharides zib nyob rau hauv ib tug molecular daim ntawv no, nws yuav muaj rau hauv daim ntawv: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Ntxiv mus, cov ntaub ntawv qhia cov qauv thiab cov fructose, ib yam nkaus thiab. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ob monosaccharides sib - ntxwv isomers. Qabzib - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm carbohydrates monosaccharides yog zoo txuas. Tom qab tag nrho, vim hais tias ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub aldehyde thiab ketone pawg nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov qauv lawv mus rau lub aldehyde thiab ketonospirtam uas yuav txiav txim rau lawv tshuaj xwm thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas lawv yuav tuaj koom nrog.

Yog li, qabzib exhibits lub nram qab no cov khoom:

1. Cov tshua tshwm sim los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm carbonyl pawg:

• Oxidation - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv "nyiaj daim iav";
• nrog freshly precipitated hydroxide, tooj liab (II) - aldonic acid;
• Muaj zog oxidants yuav tau tsim diacids (aldarovye), transforming tsis tsuas yog ib tug aldehyde tab sis ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg;
• Rov qab - yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv polyols.

2. Cov molecule muaj hydroxyl pab pawg thiab qhia cov qauv. Cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates, uas yog los ntawm grouping cov ntaub ntawv:

• muaj peev xwm mus alkylation - tsim ntawm ethers;
• acylation - txoj kev esters ;
• zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau tooj liab hydroxide (II).

3. ib txog thaj chaw ntawm zib:

• butyric acid;
• cawv;
• lactic fermentation.

Tso cai nyob rau hauv lub cev

Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm carbohydrates monosaccharides yog zoo yam. Yav tag los yog, saum toj no tag nrho, mus koom nyob rau hauv biochemical kev tig cev nyob kab mob. Yuav ua li cas lub luag hauj lwm no yog ua si nyob rau hauv no monosaccharides?

1. Hauv paus rau zus tau tej cov oligo-thiab polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose thiab deoxyribose) - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj molecule muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ATP, RNA, DNA. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, lub ntsiab lwm tus neeg uas lub roj ntsha khoom, lub zog thiab protein.
3. Lub concentration ntawm ntau ntau glucose nyob rau hauv cov ntshav - ib tug yeej muaj tseeb kev ntsuas ntawm lub osmotic siab thiab nws kev hloov.

Oligosaccharides: qauv

Tus qauv ntawm lub carbohydrate pab pawg neeg yog txo kom muaj ob (Diozu) los yog peb (triose) monosaccharide molecules nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Muaj cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas nyob tus yeees ntawm 4, 5 los yog ntau tshaj lug (mus txog 10), tab sis feem ntau yog disaccharides. Uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis ntawm cov tebchaw decompose tsim qabzib, fructose, pentoses, thiab hais txog. Uas tebchaw poob mus rau hauv pawg no? Ib tug raug txwv li - nws sucrose (cov pas nrig suab thaj), lactose (lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm cov mis nyuj), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Cov tshuaj qauv ntawm no series ntawm carbohydrates muaj cov nram qab nta:

1. Cov kev mis ntawm lub molecular hom: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Ob tug zoo tib yam los yog sib txawv monosaccharide residue nyob rau hauv disaccharide qauv sib thooj, los ntawm txoj kev choj glycoside. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm tus compound yuav yog nyob ntawm seb txo hwj chim ntawm qab zib.
3. Txo disaccharide. Carbohydrate qauv no yam yog tus tsim ntawm ib tug choj ntawm lub glycosidic hydroxyl aldehyde thiab hydroxyl pawg ntawm txawv molecules ntawm monosaccharides. Cov no muaj xws maltose, lactose, thiab li ntawd.
4. Nonreducing - ib tug raug piv txwv sucrose - thaum tus choj yog tsim ntawm hydroxyl pawg tsuas yog cov tsis muaj kev koom tes aldehyde qauv.

Yog li, lub carbohydrate qauv yuav tsum sau ua ke nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov molecular mis. Yog hais tias tsim nyog ncauj lus kom ntxaws qauv deployed, ces nws yuav sawv cev rau siv graphical los yog Heuorsa Fischer projection qauv. Tshwj xeeb, ob cyclic monomers (monosaccharides) los yog sib txawv los yog zoo ib yam li (nyob ntawm seb lub oligosaccharide) interconnected los ntawm ib tug glycosidic choj. Thaum lub tsev yuav tsum xav txog es ua kom cov muaj peev xwm kom zoo zoo tso saib kev twb kev txuas.

Piv txwv ntawm disaccharides molecules

Yog hais tias ib txoj hauj lwm yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm: "Nco ntsoov lub yam ntxwv nta ntawm carbohydrate," ces tus disaccharide yog zoo tshaj plaws ua ntej qhia kom meej los ntawm dab tsi seem ntawm monosaccharides nws yog. Feem ntau hom no:

• sucrose - tsim los ntawm alpha-beta-qabzib, thiab fructose;
• maltose - glucose residues;
• cellobiose - muaj ob zib seem ntawm beta-D-ntaub ntawv;
• lactose - galactose + zib;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose thiab thiaj li nyob.

Ces, raws li cov muaj residues yuav tsum muaj tseeb los ntawm cov yam ntxwv mis tshuaj ntawm glycoside hom choj.

RESPONSIBILITIES rau muaj sia nyob

Heev loj thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm disaccharide, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tsis tsuas cov qauv. Lub zog ntawm carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog yog feem ntau zoo sib xws. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub zog tivthaiv. Cuaj kaum, nws yuav tsum qhia tias lawv ua tseem ceeb rau ib co neeg disaccharides.

1. Sucrose - lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm zib nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev.
2. Lactose yog pom nyob rau hauv niam cov kua mis tsiaj, xws li cov poj niam thiab 8%.
3. Lactulose yog tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj yuav tsum tau siv rau kev kho mob, raws li tau zoo raws li ntxiv rau zus tau tej cov mis nyuj cov khoom.

Tej disaccharide, trisaccharide thiab thiaj li nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab lwm yam creatures undergoes instantaneous hydrolyzed rau monosaccharides. Qhov no feature yog lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm cov hoob kawm no ntawm carbohydrates ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub raw, unaltered (beet los yog pas nrig suab thaj).

Polysaccharides: molecular nta

Tso cai, pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm carbohydrates yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob no nyob beings, raws li zoo raws li tib neeg ua ub no. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum to taub dab tsi txog cov carbohydrates yog polysaccharides.

Lawv yog cov ntau:

• cov hmoov txhuv nplej;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• cellulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Qhov no tsis yog ib qho exhaustive daim ntawv teev, tab sis tsuas yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag tsiaj. Yog hais tias koj nqa tawm neeg ua hauj lwm "Xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ib tug xov tooj ntawm carbohydrates polysaccharides", yog thawj zaug uas koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau lawv ntsig txog kev teeb tsa. Nws yog ib heev voluminous, lub giant molecule, muaj raws ntawm pua pua ntawm cov monomer units ntoo khaub lig-txuas glycosidic tshuaj bonds. Feem ntau cov molecular qauv ntawm polysaccharides ntawm carbohydrate yog ib tug layered muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Muaj yog ib tug tej yam kev faib xws li molecules.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - muaj xws li ntawm tib repetitive units ntawm monosaccharides. Nyob rau hauv lub monosaccharide yuav ua tau hexoses, pentoses, thiab hais txog (kev glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - tsim los ntawm txawv monomer units.

Tebchaw nrog ib tug linear spatial qauv yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi, piv txwv li, cellulose. Branched qauv muaj ib feem ntau ntawm polysaccharides - starch, glycogen, chitin thiab thiaj li nyob.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm nyob quavntsej

Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj zoo kev cob cog rua lub neej ntawm tag nrho quavntsej. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv ib tug as cia sau nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tua los yog hauv paus cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau cov tsiaj - dua li polysaccharides, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov cleavage ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog.

Carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell qauv ua si ib tug heev tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Nws muaj li ntawm chitin cover ntawm ntau kab thiab crustaceans, murein - cell phab ntsa Cheebtsam ntawm cov kab mob, sis plawv hniav - lub hauv paus nroj tsuag.

Spare noj tshuaj los ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm - ib tug qauv ntawm glycogen, los yog raws li nws yog feem ntau hu ua, tus tsiaj rog. Nws muab cia rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub cev thiab yog cov tsis tsuas zog, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tiv thaiv kev ua tiv thaiv txhua yam hloov tau.

Rau feem ntau cov kab mob yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev qauv ntawm carbohydrates. Biology ntawm txhua tus tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag yog zoo li no uas yuav tsum tau ib tug tas mus li lub zog qhov chaw, inexhaustible. Thiab nws yuav tsuas muab rau lawv, thiab feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov polysaccharides. Yog li, kom zom cov zaub mov ntawm 1 g ntawm carbohydrate raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm metabolic dab ua rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm 4.1 kcal ntawm lub zog! Qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws, tsis muab ib tug kev twb kev txuas. Uas yog vim li cas carbohydrates yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj ntawm txhua tus neeg los yog tsiaj. Nroj tsuag los kuj saib xyuas ntawm lawv tus kheej: nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis lawv tsim hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej thiab cia nws.

General thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates

Tus qauv ntawm lub lub sibhawm, cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv kev uas zoo sib xws. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog cov tag nrho macromolecules. Txawm ib txhia ntawm lawv zog muaj ib qho keeb kwm. Nws yuav tsum saib lub ntsab lug lub luag hauj lwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj chaw biomass.

1. Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm carbohydrates cia siv rau lawv raws li ib lub tsev khoom siv rau lub plhaub ntawm cog hlwb, tsiaj thiab kab mob week li zoo raws li lub tsim ntawm intracellular organelles.
2. Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi. Yam ntxwv ntawm tsob nroj kab mob thiab yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lawv spines, pos thiab thiaj li nyob.
3. Yas lub luag hauj lwm - kev kawm ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb vitally molecules (DNA, RNA, ATP thiab lwm tus).
4. Receptor muaj nuj nqi. Polysaccharides thiab oligosaccharides - active koom thauj hloov lub cell daim nyias nyias, "tiv thaiv" txais tej yam.
5. Zog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws luag hauj lwm. Nws muab ntau zog rau tag nrho cov ntawm intracellular dab, raws li tau zoo raws li lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob.
6. Cov kev cai ntawm osmotic siab - qabzib ua xws tswj.
7. Ib txhia polysaccharides yog khoom noj khoom haus reserves, lub zog qhov twg los rau tsiaj creatures.

Yog li, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog, cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates, lawv muaj nuj nqi thiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev uas muaj sia nyob nruab no tseem ceeb heev thiab decisive tseem ceeb. Cov molecules - lub creators ntawm lub neej, lawv tseem khaws cia thiab khaws cia.

Carbohydrates nrog rau lwm cov macromolecular tebchaw

Tsis tas li ntawd lub npe hu yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm carbohydrates yog tsis nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, thiab nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog rau lwm cov molecules. Cov no muaj xws xws feem ntau, xws li:

• glycosaminoglycans los yog mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates ntawm no hom yog theej nyuab vim hais tias ntawm lub complex yog kev cob cog rua rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm functional pawg. Lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm no hom ntawm molecules - muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntau lub neej kev ntawm cov kab mob no. Cov neeg sawv cev yog: hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, heparan, keratan sulfate, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Muaj kuj polysaccharides ceg nrog rau lwm cov biologically active molecules. Piv txwv li, lipopolysaccharides los yog glycoproteins. Lawv lub neej yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub immunological tshua ntawm lub cev, raws li lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb ntawm tus lymphatic system.