Chronology ntawm ancient Egypt. Yuav ua li cas yog lub chronology system nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt?

Lub daim ntawv qhia hnub yog invented los ntawm noob neej rau yooj yim thiab yooj yim ntawm kev hloov ntawm tej yam ntuj tso mus. Tag nrho civilizations muaj arisen BC, muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev rau qhov no xam. Chronology ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws originated txog tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws twb raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg Iyiv.

Lunar Calendar Egyptians

Qhov no kev vam meej, uas sawv rau ib tug nqaim daim teb irrigated los ntawm lub Nile. Nws yog nws leej twg muab tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pejxeem, yog li nws nchuav rau qhov yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau kho nrog zoo saib xyuas. Lub Egyptians, zoo li feem coob ntawm cov lub ntiaj teb no tus pej xeem, keeb xeeb uas siv los ntawm daim calendar. Yuav kom muab lub hnub ntawm lub festivities, nws yog tsim nyog chronology system. Nyob rau hauv Tim lyiv teb chaws, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub assumption ntawm tej zaum nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thawj txhiab BC. Nrog rau kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv qhia hnub muaj thiab pej xeem, uas tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv kom meej. Lub Egyptians muaj nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ib tug 25-xyoo phaum, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm lub hlis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog sib npaug zos rau 309. Txawm li cas los, kuj paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub yog Astronomically heev tsis muaj tseeb, ces yog tsis haum rau xam cov pib ntawm ua liaj ua teb ua hauj lwm. Lub system ntawm chronology nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, raws li nyob rau hauv daim theem, yog short-lived

Tsim ib hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub

Yog li ntawd, lub ancient Iyiv pov thawj kawm rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim ib tug tshiab, yog daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov zoo ces, cov theem ntawm kev txawj ntse twb tso cai rau ua yog lawm kwv yees thiab nyob qib qub lawv nrog ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub starry ntuj. Raws li lub zoo-paub lus Askiv Egyptologist James breasted, hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no rau ob peb puas xyoo ua ntej cov tsos ntawm cov Hyksos, tab sis lawv ho sim kho nws. Cov daim qhia hnub hli yog siv raws li lub hauv paus rau lub teb chaws sov xyoo, namely theem caij hloov, nws tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev hloov ntawm lub hli theem. Nws yog tus birthplace ntawm lub ancient tim lyiv teb chaws ntawm lub hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub. Muaj ntau cov pov thawj zoo versed nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub, lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov tsos, thiab lawv pom lub kaw kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev nrog ntuj tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv kev, lawv twb xav nyob rau hauv dej nyab los ntawm cov Nile. Cov dej ntawm no dej ntws los saud nws lub tsev txhab nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj mus Kaum ib hlis, lawv nyab tag nrho lub hav, thiab thaum Neal dua muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov hoob kawm, muaj los ib lub sij hawm ntawm sowing. Tom qab 3-4 lub hlis koj yuav tua cov sau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj los ntawm lub sov Sahara tshuab cua qhuav uas puas lawm tag nrho lub neej. Yog li ntawd chronology system yuav muaj tseeb.

Principles of tsim kho ntawm lub ancient Iyiv daim ntawv qhia hnub

Tag nrho cov xyoo muaj peb lub caij nyoog: dej nyab (ahet), piv txwv li Nile dej nyab lub sij hawm, los yog tso zis channel (Peret), i.e. ib lub sij hawm thaum tus dej rov qab los rau nws cov thawj tsos, thiab shoaling (Shem), piv txwv li thaum tus nqi qis tshaj theem dej nyob rau hauv tus dej. Rau ntau xyoo lub inhabitants ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws los tsim kom tau txoj dams system, canals thiab reservoirs. Nws yuav tsum tau muab ib txwm khaws cia nyob rau hauv kom daim ntawv no, thiab qhov no nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov algorithm ntawm lub neej lub ntsiab waterway ntawm lub teb chaws. Ntawm no thiab pab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov pov thawj. Lawv pib hais txog cov dej nyab los ntawm cov Nile nrog ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub ntuj thiab qhia ib qho tseem ceeb regularity. Dej nyab tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab lub caij ntuj sov solstice, lwm tseem ceeb qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum sawv ntxov sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub ntuj zoo nkaus li hnub qub ci ci uas yuav pom txawm nrog tus liab qab qhov muag. Nws tsis yog ib txwm pom, thiab cov pov thawj tau txiav txim hais tias nws zoo nkaus li thaum cov Team sib ntawm 70 hnub. Cov ob discoveries tau tso cai los tsim ib tug tshiab era nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt.

Voj voog raws li nyob rau hauv lub saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev

Thiab yog hais tias lub ntsiab txhais ntawm solstice yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej, cov tsos ntawm Sirius cim tus tshiab voj voog. Sirius los yog Sothis, raws li nws yog hu ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, thiab los ua qhov calendar. Raws li heliacal, i.e. periodical risings ntawm lub hnub qub pib ib tug tshiab ua liaj ua teb xyoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws ntev tau txiav txim nyob rau hauv thawj 360 thiab ces 365 hnub. Chronology ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws yog tsis paub ntawm leap xyoo, tab sis xws li ib tug tshaj plaws yog tsim nyog los yog xam cov astronomical lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, cov Iyi daim ntawv qhia hnub txhua plaub lub xyoos Sothis xibfwb tau qeeb rau 1 hnub. Faib lub xyoo mus rau hauv 12 lub hlis, txhua tus uas yog 30 hnub. Lub lim tiam twb muab faib ua 10 hnub, lub hnub muaj 10 xuab moos. Tsis pub dhau ib teev lub ancient Egyptians twb 100 feeb thiab 100 feeb nyob rau hauv vib nas this. Yog li ntawd nws yog 360 hnub. Qhov seem tsib hnub tsis txuas rau ib yam ntawm lub hlis. Lawv ua koob tsheej rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hlis tas los raws li lub hnub yug ntawm Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis, Nephthys.

Wandering daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab cov thawj los kho nws

Inhabitants ntawm lub fertile Nile Valley txaus siab hais tias cov hnub caiv nrog ntog nyob rau txawv hnub ntawm lub tso cai ntawm lub sij hawm. Lawv du zaus thiab nyob rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov devout inhabitants, yog li dawb huv tag nrho lub xyoo. Iyiv xyoo, nws puv, yog taug, tab sis lub cops twb tsis sim hloov nws, on qhov tsis tooj, lawv txhua tus coj ib tug tseem ceeb cov lus cog tseg tsis txhob encroach rau lub caij ntawm lub xyoo. Raws li hais saum toj no, lub Hyksos rulers ntawm ancient Egypt tau sim hloov, nws tshwm sim los ib tug dull yws yws ua ntawm cov neeg, tab sis cov neeg mloog lub onslaught ntawm lub hwj chim. Txawm li cas los, tom qab lawv muab nws ncaws tawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tau siab rov qab los thiab tag nrho cov nrhav ntawm lub Hyksos tshem tawm. Hnub, lub hlis thiab xyoo yog denoted los ntawm tus xov tooj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub chronology ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tsis tau paub taag lub hnub nyoog, los ntawm xyoo, twb tau soj xyuas los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm lub tom ntej no vaj ntxwv. Tab sis yeej ib txwm ua hauj lwm feem ntau pib ntawm lub xyoo tshiab, nws ntog rau Lub yim hli ntuj 29 mus rau lub niaj hnub calendar.

Lub npe daim ntawv qhia hnub sij hawm

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub hlis feem ntau denoted los ntawm tus xov tooj, txhua tau nws tus kheej lub npe. Lawv rau siab ua ib co deity. Preceded thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo rau lub Hlis Ib, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus vaj tswv ntawm lub hli, ces taug kev mus hlis Faofi, ces ua raws li Atir nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Hathor, Hoyyak hu rau lub Pharaonic dynasties, Tibi nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus vaj tswv Khnum, Mehir fij tseg rau qhov txaus ntshai vajtswv Montu, Famenot txuam nrog Amenophis, Farmuti nplooj siab mus rau tus vajtswv poj niam Ermuti, Pahon nyob rau hauv honor ntawm tus vaj tswv Khonsu, lub Piney muaj npe tom qab lub Nile hav, epiphyte thiab Mesori nplooj siab mus rau lub tsos ntawm lub hnub. Qhov seem tsib hnub ntxiv mus rau lub daim ntawv qhia hnub tom qab thiaj hu ua lub Greek lo lus epagomeny, piv txwv li sverhgodichnye hnub. Calendar lag yuav solved los ntawm inserting ib hnub txhua txhua plaub lub xyoos, tab sis vaj ntxwv stubbornly tsis quav ntsej li no qhov tseeb. Feem ntau cov yuav, qhov no yog vim kev cai dab qhuas kev ntseeg, ces cov reformed system ntawm chronology Hyksos nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt tsis tau.

Ib tug thib ob los hloov lub chronology ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws

Attempts mus hloov cov daim ntawv qhia hnub tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm nomadic pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Hyksos. Txawm li cas los, qhov no twb ua npaum li cas tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty. Qhov thib peb vaj ntxwv ntawm cov companions ntawm Aleksandra Velikogo xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv sim hloov cov chronology ntawm ancient Egypt. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog piav nyob rau hauv lub "Kanopskom cai." Nyob rau hauv 1866 nyob rau excavation twb pom ib lub pob zeb slab uas Iyiv thiab cov Greek lus tau sau hais kom ua vaj ntxwv Evergeta kom hloov mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub. Yog li ntawd nws nyob ib leap xyoo, uas yuav tsum daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm astronomical backlog. Txawm tias qhov kev hloov no yog tsis tswm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, muaj ib tug yuam kev Ameslikas, es tsis txhob ntxiv ib hnub txhua plaub lub xyoos, nws tau ua txhua txhua peb lub xyoos. Qhov no tau cuam tshuam rau cov neeg thiab kev ua yuam kev pom tsuas yog tom qab 48 xyoo.

Alexandria daim ntawv qhia hnub

Vaj ntxwv tus tsim tej kev cai ordering cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug leap xyoo, thiab twb tsis tau muab nyob rau hauv lub neej. Yog hais tias nws tag nrho, ib yam li qhov chaw, ces lub xyoo yuav muaj li 365,25 hnub, thiab raws li nyob ze rau qhov astronomical nuj nqis. Ib tug thib peb los mus hloov cov chronology ntawm ancient Egypt tau tau pom twb los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Thaum kov yeej lub teb chaws, lawv yuav luag tam sim ntawd muaj ib tug daim ntawv qhia hnub kho kom zoo. Yog li ntawd, txhua txhua plaub xyoo muaj ib tug xav ib hnub, tab sis tag nrho lawv thiaj-hloov leap xyoo twb hloov dua yog ib txoj kev cai nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos. Alexandria daim ntawv qhia hnub coexisted nrog Julian nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus rau ntau tshaj li 1500 xyoo.

Lub system ntawm chronology nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt li cov feem yooj yooj yim thiab yooj yim

Lub system ntawm chronology nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt paub ib tug ntau ntawm txawv txoj kev uas suav lub xyoo. Txawm li cas los, qhov loj tshaj tej chaw nws tau txais ib tug hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub. Raws li Herodotus, nws yog tus yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab ke daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no. Lub backlog, uas nws tau pom, tsis tau complicate lub neej ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Tej zaum yog hais tias muaj ib tug tiag tiag yuav tsum tau rau qhov no, ces hnub ntawd yog yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub rau lub hauv paus ntawm ntev soj pov thawj convinced tias 365,25 hnub kuj sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub sij hawm nruab nrab ob dej nyab ntawm tus Nile. Lawv nrhiav tau tias ib zaug nyob rau hauv 130 xyoo dej nyab kuj xibfwb Sothis ntog ib hnub ua ntej lawm, yog li tej zaum lawv tau saib xyuas astronomical precision rau lub hom phiaj ntawm yooj yim thiab yooj yim. Txawm nws yog, lub ancient Iyiv daim ntawv qhia hnub qauv nteg compiling daim qhia hnub hli thiab los ua lub hauv paus rau ntxiv txoj kev txhim kho ntawm lub hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub.