Cim ntawm lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam. topographical tej yam tshwm sim

Cartographic (topographic) cim cov cim tom qab thiab kab cim ntawm txawv teb khoom, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv topographic maps thiab cov kev npaj. Cov cim yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau los ntawm homogeneous pawg ntawm cov khoom. Nws tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau cov xim thiab cov nyob rau hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntsiab cim yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm topographic maps ntawm txawv teb chaws nrog txhua lwm yam tsis txawv heev. Feem ntau, cov pa tej yam tshwm sim qhia qhov luaj li cas thiab cov duab, qhov chaw, raws li zoo raws li ib co ntawm cov ntau thiab zoo yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom, hais thiab circuits topography dua rau daim ntawv teev lus. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib ua areal (scale), scaleless, explanatory thiab linear. Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov hom.

scale tias

Areal, los yog loj-scale, pa tej yam tshwm sim uas yog siv rau duab lub topography ntawm cov khoom uas nyob muaj ntau yam pauv cheeb tsam. Cov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum qhia tias nyob rau hauv ib lub hom phiaj los yog daim ntawv qhia teev. Areal cim muaj ob qhov chaw. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - qhov no yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm tus kwv. Qhov thib ob - ib tug pa coloring los yog sau nws tej yam tshwm sim. Contour yog xwm los ntawm ib tug dotted line kwv (bogs, meadows, hav zoov). Cov khoom kab qhia tau hais tias tus qauv npaj ntawm lub zos, lub pas dej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub contour ntawm cov kwv yuav tsum xwm siv lub cim ntawm ib qho kev ciam (ntseej, kwj).

filling tej yam tshwm sim

Cim ntawm lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam yog muaj ntau haiv neeg. Ib tug ntawm lawv hom - yog sau txog tej yam uas yog nyob rau hauv ib txog kev txiav txim tsis pub dhau lub voj. Qhov kev txiav txim yuav ua tau arbitrary, chess. Filling, tej zaum kuj yuav muab tso rau ntsug los yog kab rov tav kab. Nplai tias ua tau tsis cia li mus nrhiav ib qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub chaw nyob. Ua tsaug rau lawv, koj muaj peev xwm kuj txaus siab rau nws zoo lawm, square, linear qhov ntev.

scale cim

Qhov no hom no yog tsim los duab khoom muaj ib tug ntev rau hauv av. Piv txwv li, qhov no los dej ntws, txoj kev los yog railways, hwj chim kav, caij, ciam teb, thiab lwm yam ntws.

linear tias

Lawv nyob ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm ua tawm ntawm teev thiab loj-scale cim. Qhov ntev ntawm lub sib nug xov cov khoom yog kwv yees li raws li nyob rau hauv lub scale ntawm hauv daim ntawv qhia, tab sis cov dav - nws yog. Feem ntau nws yog ntau dua qhov dav ntawm tus kwv cheeb tsam sawv cev los ntawm daim ntawv qhia, txoj hauj lwm uas ua raws li cov longitudinal axis ntawm ib tug pa kos npe rau. Horizontally li sawv cev los ntawm linear tias.

Peb tau teev tsis yog tag nrho cov cim ntawm lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam. Peb tig mus rau lub explanatory tej yam tshwm sim.

explanatory tej yam tshwm sim

Lawv yuav siv los ntxiv piav txog cov khoom tso tawm kom pom rau hauv daim ntawv qhia. Piv txwv li, lawv yog denoted los ntawm lub dav, ntev, qag load, qhov xwm thiab lub dav ntawm txoj kev nto, qhov xwm thiab qhov tob ntawm cov av ford, qhov nruab nrab qhov siab thiab thickness ntawm cov ntoo nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov. Explanatory thiab yog npe ntawm cov khoom, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam inscriptions rau cov ntawv teev lus. Txhua yam ntawm cov ntawv no ua cov tsiaj ntawv muaj ib tug me me, thiab font teeb.

generalized kos npe rau

Nrog zuj zus lawm scale topographic maps ntawm homogeneous cim cheeb tsam txoj kev npaj rau lub yooj yim ntawm chav mus rau hauv pab pawg, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim mus rau hauv ib tug generalized kos npe rau. Cim raws li ib tug tag nrho yuav piav raws li ib tug truncated pyramid. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauv paus - tej yam tshwm sim uas yog siv los mus npaj, nrog rau cov teev ntawm 1: 500. Cov neeg uas ua ntawv thov rau cov ntawv teev lus nrog lub scale ntawm 1: 1,000,000 (xa mus rau raws li ib tug txheej txheem cej luam thiab topographical), nyob rau lub sab saum toj ntawm lub pyramid.

xim designations

Rau tag nrho cov xim maps, uas yog cov cim ntawm lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam yog cov tib. Nws tsis yog dab tsi lawv tau. Bar tej yam tshwm sim, lug, av thiab lawv nkhaus, muaj zog cov ntsiab lus, lub zos cov khoom, ciam teb rau lwm tua nyob rau hauv dub. Brown denoted lub nyem ntsiab. Glaciers, ntws, pas dej thiab marshes nyob rau daim ntawv qhia no xiav (lub teeb xiav - hauv daim iav ntawm dej). Ntsuab yog siv thaum lub cim yog sawv cev los ntawm forests. Ntau precisely, nws yog siv rau cov ntoo thiab lov tas vau rau hauv dav. Tsaus ntsuab yog siv los xaiv lub vines, fab, creeping, ntsias forests. Txiv kab ntxwv cim kev loj thiab zej zog yus los ntawm hluav taws-resistant vaj tse. Cov daj xim yog siv los qhia tias zoo av txoj kev, raws li tau zoo raws li zej zog, raws li ib feem ntawm cov uas - uas tsis yog-fireproof tsev.

abbreviations npe

Rau topographic maps yog muaj nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus cim ntawm abbreviations ntawm lub ntau yam kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tswj chav nyob. Piv txwv li, lub Moscow cheeb tsam denoted Mosk. Tsis tas li ntawd teem rau lub yuav txo tau ntawm explanatory cov ntsiab lus uas. Cim hav iav - loj, lub hwj chim -. El.-st., sab qab teb-western kev taw qhia - SW. Kev siv cov kev fonts koj yuav muab ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub pa tej yam tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, lub koos pis siv rau lub npe ntawm settlements, tso tawm kom pom lawv cov nom tswv thiab cov thawj tswj tseem ceeb, lub hom pejxeem. Raws li rau tus dej, koj yuav tau txais cov lus qhia txog tau navigation thiab lawv cov nqi. Fonts uas yog siv rau cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov dej thiab hla, qhov siab npiv zas cia peb to taub uas lawv yuav tsum tau raug xam tias tseem ceeb heev.

topography

Nyob rau hauv maps thiab cov kev npaj ntawm cov struts yog sawv cev los ntawm cov hauv qab no txoj kev: cov xim yas, tu, kab, nkhaus thiab elevations. Nyob rau loj-scale kab kos nws yog feem ntau cim los ntawm contour kab, uas muaj teeb meem loj zoo dua lwm txoj kev.

Tus kwv tij thiab tsis siab

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav rau siab ntso ua portray lub nyem ntawm saum npoo av nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau, koj yuav tsum paub uas yog lub qhov siab ntawm ib tug taw tes rau nws. Nyob rau hauv av, muaj lowlands, toj thiab roob. Yuav ua li cas yuav koj nrhiav tau tawm ntau npaum li cas lawv yog qis los yog siab? Ua li no, koj yuav tsum los sib piv rau qhov siab ntawm cov khoom txheeb ze rau ib co ntawm cov tib theem. Thaum lub sij hawm thawj zaug rau theem ntawm cov txais nto ntawm lub hiav txwv los yog hiav txwv.

Lub meej qhov siab - lub taw tes rau ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, uas yog ntsuas los ntawm lub theem ntawm cov dej hiav txwv los yog hiav txwv. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus yog saum toj no rau theem no, lawv qhov siab yog zoo (piv txwv li, lub los ntawm lub roob peaks - ib tug zoo xov tooj). Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav tsis zoo. Tus kwv tij qhov siab - yog qhov txawv nyob rau hauv qhov siab los ntawm ib tug av taw tes rau lwm tus.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov cim

Tag nrho cov zwj ceeb topographical designations yuav tsum muaj expressiveness, clarity. Lawv yuav tsum, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yooj yim traceable. Cim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia siv rau tag nrho cov dos, kev qhia thiab teem normative cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv yog cov yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov koom haum thiab cov koom haum uas nqa tawm num ua hauj lwm.

Av tswj lub koom haum yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm ua liaj ua teb vaj tse thiab av. Nws feem ntau mus tshaj lub me nyuam los tu ntawm yuav tsum tau cim. Yog li ntawd, av tswj koom haum los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm muab ntxiv tej yam tshwm sim uas muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tseem ntawm ua liaj ua teb. Yog li ntawd muaj tshiab cim rau hauv daim ntawv qhia.

generalization phaib

Local khoom nyob rau hauv lub scale ntawm kev pab them nqi los yog maps yog tso tawm kom pom uas ua rau kev nthuav dav. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib lub zos nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj, uas muaj ib tug scale of 1: 2000, lawv yuav tsis tau sawv cev tsuas ib co ntawm cov tib hom nyob hauv tsev, thiab yuav tsum tau qhia lawv lawm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia nrog ib tug scale ntawm 1:50 000 muaj lub sij hawm los qhia tsuas quarters. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua li yog koj ua kom nws mus rau 1: 1 lab? Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho lub nroog yuav tsum xwm ib tug me me voj voog. Generalization phaib yog hu ua ib tug generalization ntawm lub nyem ntsiab, uas yog cai thaum lub sij hawm kev hloov los ntawm lub scale ntawm loj rau me me thiab.

Topographic designations, raws li koj pom, yog muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lawv pab tau peb kom tau cov lus qhia txog cov khoom uas muaj tuaj rau hauv daim ntawv qhia. Designations lub zos, lub zos, tej dej, hav zoov, thiab lwm yam Yog ho txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Nws yog tsis xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias lawv yog sib txawv kiag li khoom.

Thaum kawg, peb qhia rau koj txog xws li ib tug lub tswv yim raws li lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam. Nws tau ntsib ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, thiab tej zaum yuav tsis muaj tseeb rau tus nyeem ntawv.

duab ntawm qhov chaw

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom lub tsev, thiab mus kawm qhov, tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lub cheeb tsam muaj ib tug me me rau thaj tsam yuav yees duab los yog xim. Feem ntau, cov kev yees duab ua nrog lub ntiaj teb no. Yog li ntawd, nyob ze cov khoom xwm li nyob rau nws, overshadow ntev. Thiab daim duab, thiab daim duab koj muab rau peb ib co tswv yim ntawm cov struts. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsis pom dab tsi qhov rho thiab ntau thiab tsawg ntawm thaj av muaj raws li ib tug tag nrho. Yam khoom uas yog muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw, yuav muaj ntau khees yog hais tias tus duab cheeb tsam yuav ua rau lub sab saum toj, hais tias lub dav hlau. Cov duab yog li tau yog hu ua aerial duab. Yam khoom uas muaj tuaj rau nws, zoo ib yam li yuav ua li cas lawv saib rau hauv av. Lawv txheeb ze txaus qhia thiab ntau thiab tsawg pab yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov duab no.

txoj kev npaj hauv cheeb tsam kuj hau ib sab saum toj saib. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab tus duab. Lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam yog ib qho ua rau ntawm daim ntawv. Nws qhia tau hais tias ib tug txo daim ntawv ntawm ib tug me me saum npoo av. Plans txawv los ntawm lwm yam dluab yog li ntawd tag nrho cov khoom hais rau lawv, qhia tau hais tias lub cim qhia. Lawv hom, muaj ntau ntau yam. Qhov yooj yim ntawm lawv, uas qhia tau hais tias tus neeg tej khoom, lub schema lub npe. Lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam yog ib yam ntawm cov topographical daim ntawv qhia.