Cov kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Geiger counter thiab niaj hnub dosimeters

Yees nyob rau hauv 1908 los ntawm tus German physicist Hans Vilgelmom Geygerom ntaus ntawv yog tau los mus txiav txim lub ionizing tawg yog dav siv nyob rau hauv peb hnub. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog lub siab rhiab heev ntawm lub ntaus ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm mus ntes ib tug ntau yam ntawm hluav taws xob. Yooj Yim ntawm kev siv thiab tus nqi qis ua rau nws tau mus yuav ib tug Geiger counter rau cov neeg uas xaiv los ntawm nws tus kheej ntsuas cov tawg theem ntawm txhua lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw. Yuav ua li cas yog no ntaus ntawv thiab yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm?

Cov kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Geiger counter

By tsim, ib tug Geiger counter yog heev yooj yim. Cov thawv ntim nrog ob tug electrodes pumped roj sib tov muaj raws ntawm neon thiab argon, uas yog yooj yim ionized. Yog nkag mus rau lub electrodes high voltage (txog 400 V), uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog tsis muaj paug phenomena ua kom txog rau thaum lub sij hawm thaum lub gaseous nrab nyob rau hauv, tus ntaus tsis pib lub ionization txheej txheem. Cov tsos tuaj ntawm sab nraum ntawm hais ua rau lub fact tias cov thawj electrons yog ceev nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog teb, pib ionize lwm molecules ntawm lub gaseous medium. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob field ua rau avalanche ntawm electrons thiab cov creation ntawm tshiab ions uas sharply kom cov conductivity ntawm lub ion-electron huab. Lub gaseous nruab nrab Geiger paug tshwm sim. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov pulses uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv ncaj qha proportional rau tus nqi ntawm kaw hais. Xws li ib tug general hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Geiger counter.

Cov rov qab tus txheej txheem, nyob rau hauv uas lub gaseous nruab nrab yog xa rov qab mus rau tus thawj lub xeev tshwm sim los ntawm nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm halogen (feem ntau yog cov tshuaj los yog bromine) nyob rau hauv lub medium tshwm sim khaus recombination nqi. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog npaum li cas qeeb qeeb, thiab yog li ntawd lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau los rhiab heev ntawm Geiger txee, - ib tug tseem ceeb heev cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus ntaus ntawv nameplate.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov kev ua ntawm ib tug Geiger counter hauv paus ntsiab lus yog heev yooj yim, nws muaj peev xwm mus rau teb rau lub ionizing tawg ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm tsiaj. Nws α-, β-, γ-, raws li zoo raws li X-ray, neutron thiab ultraviolet tawg. Tag nrho cov nyob ntawm tus dais tsim. Yog li, ib tug nkag qhov rais ntawm ib Geiger txee, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm tebchaws mos α- thiab β-tawg yog ua los ntawm mica thickness ntawm 3 mus rau 10 microns. Rau cov nrhiav kom tau ntawm X-rays nws yog los ntawm beryllium, thiab ultraviolet - quartz.

Qhov uas nws siv ib tug Geiger counter

Cov kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Geiger counter yog lub hauv paus ntawm feem ntau niaj hnub dosimeters. Cov me me li muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi, muaj ib tug es siab rhiab heev thiab muaj peev xwm los tso saib cov tau nyob rau hauv tib neeg tshwmsim units. Yooj yim rau siv tso cai rau koj khiav lag luam cov pab kiag li lawm, txawm cov neeg uas muaj heev nyob deb tswvyim ntawm dosimetry.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov nta thiab raug ntawm kev ntsuas dosimeters yog kev thiab cov neeg siv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv koj yuav kom sai thiab zoo los mus txiav txim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ionizing tawg yog muaj nyob rau hauv qhib chaw thiab hauv vaj tse.

Cov pab kiag li lawm yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Geiger txee, yuav raws sij hawm sau ntawv ib qho xwm txheej teeb liab ob los ntawm txoj kev ua yeeb yam thiab suab los yog kev co Pib ntsais koj teeb. Yog li ntawd, koj yeej ib txwm saib cov zaub mov, khaub ncaws, tshuaj xyuas cov rooj tog, khoom siv, lub tsev ntaub ntawv thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Rau qhov uas tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev tawg.