Cov kob ntawm Sumatra. Indonesia kob: thaj chaw thiab cov hauj lwm

Indonesia - qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub xeev South-West Asia - tsis rau tsis muaj dab tsi hu ua lub teb chaws ntawm ib txhiab Islands tuaj. Nws twb ncav us txog nyob rau ib feem ntawm New Guinea, thiab Molukskih Sunda Islands tuaj, qhov loj tshaj plaws uas - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra, cov kob ntawm Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali thiab lwm tus neeg. Lub peb islands ntawm Indonesia yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub saum toj rau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

teb chaws sov lub vaj kaj siab

Indonesian Islands yog variegated ntaub pua plag ntawm nws cov neeg, haiv neeg, txawv ua hauj lwm, climatic ib ncig chaw. Ib qho ntawm feem ceeb yog lub Sumatra, uas muaj ntau yam hu rau ib tug av loj nyob rau hauv tej yam me me. Muaj yog ib tug tauj thiab savanna, fens thiab tej toj roob. Rau cov kob yog ib lub tsev rau rhinos thiab ntxhw, tsov thiab leopards, bears thiab twm - loj fauna, tsis peculiar rau lub Islands tuaj.

thaj txoj hauj lwm

Sumatra - ib yam ntawm cov coob Islands tuaj ntawm lub Malay Archipelago. Nws stretches ntawm cov qaum teb hnub poob rau sab qab teb rau 1,800 km. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob - 421 000 km ^2. Nws tsim ib lub system ntawm lub roob yog hom twg, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los deb li deb mus rau sab hnub poob. Qhov siab tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 30-50 km ntawm lub Indian dej hiav txwv. Lawv tsis muaj npe. Cov yav qab teb qhov chaw no hu ua Barisan roob, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm cov kob stands lub Batak highlands.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub "niam" ntawm cov kob tsis muaj tsev nyob ib me av chaw. Nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub Indian dej hiav txwv hlua li thaum uas tig mus rau Sumatra sparsely populated mountainous cheeb tsam: Mentawai, Nias, Ang. Nrog rau sab hnub tuaj ntug dej ncav us txog Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Nws los ua hais tsis zoo Simalur (Simeulue) - Indonesian kob sab hnub poob ntawm Sumatra. Nyob rau hauv 2004, nws ntaus cov ntug dej hiav txwv giant tsunami.

Heev nyob ze, northeast, situated Malay ceg av qab teb - ib feem ntawm cov neeg Esxias sab av loj. Sumatra nws separates lub Strait ntawm Malacca. Ntawm no yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws shipping tseem khiav: tus nplua nuj cargoes attracted tiag tiag pirates ntawm lub XXI xyoo pua, plundering ships. East, 420 km, yog ib tug "tij laug" - cov kob ntawm Borneo (Kalimantan). Ntawm "tsev neeg" mus Karimata Strait. Qhov tseem densely populated Indonesian kob ntawm Java, sib cais los ntawm Sumatra Sunda Strait dav ntawm 25 km.

Rau cov lus nug "qhov twg yog qhov Sumatra" yuav tsum tau teb tsuas: ntawm teb chaws Australia thiab teb chaws Asia. Thiab yog hais tias ntau precisely - nyob rau hauv lub deb sab hnub poob ntawm lub Malay Archipelago, nyob rau hauv daim duab peb sab ntawm Java, Kalimantan thiab Malay ceg av qab teb.

geology

Sumatran roob raug tsim tej nyob rau hauv lub Hercynian, tej nyob rau hauv lub Mesozoic thiab Paleogene folding tom qab, lawv muaj raws li cov tub ntxhais longitudinal tawm. Lawv muaj li ntawm quartzites, schists, limestones ntawm Paleozoic hnub nyoog, muaj cov outputs granite intrusions. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm lub roob - los ntawm 1500 mus 3000 m.

Ridge Barisan faib longitudinal tsam yuam kev thiab tej grabens rau hauv ob thaum uas tig mus circuits. Cov kob yog topped nrog heev heev cones ntawm active thiab tu noob volcanoes, cov uas sawv tawm kom meej meej lub siab tshaj plaws lub roob hluav taws nyob rau hauv Sumatra - Kerinci (Indrapura), qhov siab ntawm 3800 m. Nws yog ua raws li los ntawm Dempo (3159 m) thiab Marapi (2891 m). Kaum Ob tug uas twb muaj lawm giants.

Ntawm neighboring Sumatra thiab Java nyob rau hauv Sunda Strait, nkaum stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). Nws eruptions yog tsis tshua muaj, tab sis yog catastrophic kev puas tsuaj. Xeem Kev ua muaj cai ntawm no nyob rau hauv 1999. Nyob rau hauv 1927-1929 gg. raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm underwater tawg tsim kob Anak-Krakatoa. Tab sis qhov uas ntawm 1883 zoo puas lawm ib zaug siab kob - lub moj tej tawg twb muaj nyob rau txhua txhua sab av loj, peb lub sij hawm mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

nyem

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub roob, mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sumatra yog ib tug loj marshy alluvial lowlands. Ib tug feature ntawm qhov chaw yog hais tias ib feem ntawm lub chaw ntug hiav tides flooded. Ntawm no fertile av rau nws kim heev mangrove forests. Sumatra, Island Bank thiab Belitung nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm minerals: roj, thee, kub, manganese, hlau, npib tsib xee, tin.

kev nyab xeeb

Malay archipelago nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub equatorial tsam ntawm Asia thiab teb chaws Australia. Txoj kev nyab xeeb yog noo. Nag lossis daus Sumatra qhov chaw tshaj 3500-3800 hli (los txog rau 6000 hli), tab sis yog lawv lub caij nplooj zeeg unevenly. Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm los nag tshwm sim los ntawm lub roob barrier ncab raws tag nrho cov kob. Maximum dej ntog nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj thiab kaum ib hlis mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub ncaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis thiab Lub ib hlis ntuj - mus rau sab qab teb ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, lub caij nrog tsawg nag lossis daus qhia ntau kom meej meej tshaj nyob rau hauv sab qab teb. Xis kub - 25-27 degrees yuav luag tag nrho cov xyoo ntev, tab sis spoils lub idyllic daim duab ntawm ib tug heev kawg siab av noo.

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov kob nyob rau hauv lub Straits of Malacca yog feem ntau muaj zog cua tshuab sab hnub tuaj. Lawv mus txog cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj quab yuam thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub southwest monsoon. Yeej, qhov no nag xob nag cua, nrog nag xob nag, pom thaum hmo ntuj - obviously, qhov no muaj txhawb rau caj ntawm Sumatra, extending thaum uas tig mus rau lub Strait ntawm Malacca.

nraum

Cov islands ntawm Indonesia, vim ntau dej nag, muaj ntev li dej. Nrog rau qhov no nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov cheeb tsam muaj ntau yam dej ntws. Tsis kos thiab Sumatra: dej network yog tuab txaus, ntws tsis qhuav li nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, ntxuav tam sim ntawd tus roob ib tug ntau ntawm cov txo. Qhov loj tshaj plaws dej ntws ntawm cov kob yog Muse, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

Cov kob muaj ntau cov pas dej. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub Batak Highlands tuff nyob rau hauv volcanic phiab yog cov coob pas dej nyob rau hauv Indonesia - Toba, nyob rau cov kob ntawm Samosir nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm muaj muaj ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib Batak nqi zog, uas nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, raws li cov lus dab neeg, tsawm thoob plaws Sumatra. Lub pas dej no nyob rau ntawm ib tug altitude ntawm 904 m saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Cheeb Tsam - ntau tshaj 1000 km ² thiab ntau qhov tob - 433 meters. Ntawm no yog ib tug txias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsaus ntuj. Nyob rau Asahan dej ntws tawm ntawm lub reservoir, los ua ib tug pas hwj chim chaw nres tsheb nrog lub peev xwm 320 000 kW.

Cov av cover

Feem ntau hom xau yog podzolized laterites uas tsim nyob rau weathering ua kiav txhab. Nyob rau foothills thiab nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm av sawv cev ib lub roob laterite. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj, ib tug dav band ncab alluvial thiab swampy xau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub vos nqaum sawb - mangrove.

nroj tsuag

Lub thaj chaw ntawm Sumatra ntawm qhov ncaj txhawb rau qhov tuab tauj forests, lawv nyob ntau qhov chaw. Tu siab, nyob rau hauv lub hav dej, lub nras thiab nyob rau hauv lub roob hollows ntawm loj cheeb tsam ntawm forests yog txiav down, thiab tsim tej chaw loj hlob ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov qoob loo. Rau cov kob yog dav cultivated roj hmab ntoo, mov, txiv maj phaub xib teg, haus luam yeeb, tshuaj yej, paj rwb, kua txob.

Cov feem ntau hav zoov hom:

• rasamaly thiab daim duab ntoo;
• ob peb tsiaj ntawm cov ntoo: qab zib, Palmyra, noob txiv, Ikhali-au, rattan; nyob rau hauv lub qis nce mus txog ntawm cov dej ntws thiab swamps - nipa; txiv maj phaub - nyob rau hauv lub chaw ntug hiav cheeb tsam;
• thawj tsob ntoo ferns, lossis loj bamboos (mus txog 30-40 m nyob rau hauv qhov siab), amorphous-teb thiab Falus cab Rafflesia.

Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv yog yeej los ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj-dag Mangroves. Nyob rau intermountain depressions ntawm chaw me me yog nyob los ntawm cov savannas. Thaum altitudes ntawm 1.5-3 km ntau forests nrog ib tug predominance ntawm evergreen ntoo (laurel, ntoo qhib), muaj conifers, broad-leaved deciduous (chestnut, Maple) ntoo. Saum toj no 3000 m forests muab txoj kev mus scrubby thickets deciduous, cov shrubs thiab noj nyom.

fauna

Island fauna yog tsuas yog sawv cev los ntawm cov hav zoov hom. Sumatran zoov nuj txeeg tau los ua ib tug Mecca rau eco-tourists uas xav kom tau raws li nrog lub neej ntawm ib qho ntawm feem nthuav hom ntawm kuj zoo kawg apes - orangutans.

Tsis tas li ntawd raug tsiaj yog liab (tuab Lory, Siamang, yav qab teb npua-tailed macaque, rhesus brownie) COLUGO, lizards, cov nqaijrog, badgers, puav. Ntawm cov loj inhabitants yog faib ob-horned twjkum, ntxhw Indian, Sumatran Tsov, Malayan tapir, tsov txaij, txaij npua, kob Weaver, Malay dais, cov tsiaj qus aub.

Ntawm cov noog feem ntau nthuav gomray, Argus, boatbill, ob peb hom ntawm cov nquab. Ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles rau cov kob yog pom ya dragons gavials (crocodiles), nab. Ntawm legless amphibians sawv caecilians. Ib tug ntau ntawm txawv kab, arachnids.

dormant supervolcano

Sumatra Island nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia yog tsis ntau sib txawv ntawm cov neighboring pawg neeg thaj av, tab sis nws yog nyob ntawm no hais tias 73,000 xyoo dhau los muaj ib tug epochal cataclysm uas hloov cov keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Supervolcano tawg spawned lub rov tshwm sim ntawm thiaj li hu ua volcanic lub caij ntuj no, li nuclear. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus 3000 km ³ ntawm tshauv nyob rau hauv cov cua muaj tau ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm anhydride, provoked ntau acid los nag.

Rau xyoo rau hauv lub ntiaj reigned txo tsawg kub, acid rains uas puas lawm tej nroj tsuag. Tom ntej xyoo txhiab yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov pib ntawm txias thiab glaciers. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov pejxeem loj ntawm cov neeg dim tsuas yog tus tshaj plaws ntse - txog 10 000 mej zeej ntawm lub hom Homo sapiens nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm teb chaws Africa. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub ntuj puas tsuaj pab mus rau "heev" txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub kev txawj ntse ntawm peb pog koob yawg koob.

pas dej Toba

Sumatra - cov kob uas amazing ntuj ncig. Cov feem ntau cov tawm geological thiab kev cai attraction yog lub ntiaj teb no tus loj tshaj plaws volcanic pas dej Toba, muaj giant kev ua qab yias uas heev supervolcano. Nws qhov ntev (ntev - 100 km, dav - 30 km, qhov tob - 505 m) tso cai rau cov pas dej ua qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Indonesia thiab lub thib ob (tom qab lub pas dej Tonle kua ntoo) nyob hauv cov teb chaws Asia.

Lake Toba yog ib tug picturesque kob ntawm Samosir. Nws yog nto moo rau zoo kawg scenery, xwm, qhabnias kab lis kev cai. Muaj yog tsis tsuas Muslims, tab sis kuj cov neeg uas hu ua cov Batak. Lawv - ntseeg muaj ib tug heev txawv pej xeem sawv, kos duab thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog architecture. Samosir yog heev me me, qhov ntev ntawm nws coastline - 111 km. Tab sis nyob rau hauv no me me thaj tsam organically haum thiab tsim neeg mus ncig tebchaws cov chaw, thiab "untouched" natural toj roob hauv pes thiab lub neej txhua hnub Sumatran peasants.

Txawm tias cov dej tshiab nyob rau hauv Toba, nws transparency, xiav, puag ncig ua hauj lwm thiab microclimate reminiscent ntawm lub Mediterranean ntug dej hiav txwv. So no lub koom haum no tsuas yog cov tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm loj tsis, uas rau ntau cov neeg mus yog ib tug zoo kom zoo dua.

pejxeem

Nyob rau hauv Indonesia muaj ntau tshaj 300 cov neeg, thaum linguists nyiaj rau 719 nyob yam lus thiab suab. Hais txog 90% ntawm cov pej xeem, xws li nyob rau hauv Sumatra - Muslims. Feem ntau cov Aisliasdawm paub Indonesian, uas yog tsuas 50 xyoo. Nws theem ua ke sib txawv haiv neeg thiab nationalities nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws dominates lub TV thiab nyob rau hauv xovxwm.

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob cheeb tsam (Bank, Sumatra, Mentawai Islands tuaj, ib tug archipelago Ling thiab lwm tus) muaj ntau tshaj li 50 lab tus tib neeg, uas hais lus ua 52 yam lus. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sumatra thiab nyob rau heev heev islands yog yeej los ntawm lub Malays nyob rau hauv sab qab teb - cov Javanese. Suav thiab Tamils yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv nroog cov chaw.

Nyob rau hauv lub zos nyob tsawg tshaj li ib feem peb ntawm cov pejxeem. Major tsam chaw:

• Medan - 2.1 lab cov neeg (2010).
• Palembang - 1.5 lab (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - 1.15 lab (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Nyob rau hauv lub central highlands thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub pas dej Toba yog lub tsev mus rau neeg zoo - Batak. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws ras lawv zoo heev architecture: peb-storey tsev reminiscent ntawm Nau-a lub nkoj. Hauv paus txawm inhabitants piav tias cov thawj pem teb yog rau cov tsiaj yav tas los nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov tsiaj qus, yog li lub tsev ua tau "nyob rau hauv nws ob txhais taw" (nyob rau stilts) rau kev ruaj ntseg. Sab Saud nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub nthab - ntsuj plig. Txawm tias Batak - ntseeg nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig lawv yeej ntseeg hais tias, vim hais tias attics loj tej zaum yuav txawm ntau tshaj thawj ob plag tsev ua ke. Tom tsev Batak (nyob rau hauv lawv cov kob txog 6 million) hais lawv yam lus, tab sis feem ntau yog tswv lub Indonesian lub teb chaws. Muaj coob tus neeg to taub lus Askiv.