Cwj mem: yog dab tsi? Vim li cas siv ib tug cwj mem?

Duab - ib tug complex txheej txheem uas muaj ntau nuances, uas yuav tsum tau kev cov cuab yeej. Ib tug ntawm lawv - tus cwj mem. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav siv tau, piav rau hauv qab no.

Yuav ua li cas yog?

Chiv, lo lus no muaj ob tug lub ntsiab. Tus thawj - ib tug "cwj mem-yas dhos rau cov hlau lead." Qhov thib ob - "adjustable quill, uas koj yuav kos." Cov thawj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm nqus ib tsis tshua muaj heev vim nws yog yooj yim mus nrhiav txoj cai cwj mem. Vim li no tam sim no cwj mem - yog nqus lub cuab tam rau number case kab.

Nyob ntawm seb lub hom looks zoo ib yam li nws yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis cov kev qauv yog zoo sib xws. Feem ntau qhov no ua ntawm ib qho nyuaj yas los yog hlau, uas yog tsau ib ntsis. Nws yuav tu los yog tsis, yuav ua los ntawm ntaub ntawv sib txawv, tab sis nws nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, yuav tsum muaj ib tug me ntsis noob txiv uas tuas ob tug me me zuag phaj. Nws hloov muaj feem xyuam rau lub thickness ntawm cov kab, uas yog tau tom qab sau cov kis.

zaj dabneeg cuab yeej

Cwj mem yog invented nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no nws yog ib tug yuav tsum set kom tsim tseeb maps thiab drawings - nqus seev. Nws yog ib qho advanced lub cuab tam uas tso cai rau koj kom meej meej tsim tus tsim nyog cov duab.

Thaum pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua nws twb ho paub. Lub disadvantage ntawm lub cuab tam yog hais tias nws yog yooj yim yuav kam nrog kua mem sau, nws yeej ib txwm twb nrog, ntws thiab thiaj li nyob. Nws yog nyob rau cov raug raug tsim rapidograph - lub cuab tam nrog replaceable cartridges nrog number case ntawm ib tug tej yam hauv lub cheeb.

Tam sim no tus cwj mem uas nws yees duab koj yuav pom ib tug me ntsis ntau dua, tsis yog li ntawd nrov nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm daim duab, tab sis yog tseem ceeb heev rau kev kos duab, calligraphy, iconography thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov kos duab.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas hu ua "cwj mem"

Yuav ua li cas nws yog thiab uas invented nws, peb tau twb dealt nrog. Tam sim no nws yuav tsum tau hais tias hais tias muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm cov cuab yeej. Cov muaj xws li:

• nqus mem nrog rau ib lub taub hau rau ib tug tiaj kab nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm;
• Dual cwj mem nrog ob tug tsau hau rau ob tug zoo tib bands rau nkag teb chaws;
• krivonozhka - cwj mem nrog ib tug movable lub taub hau uas tso cai rau cov nkhaus kab ntawm cov qauv yuav kuj yuav muab ob npaug rau;
• ncig, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv taub hau yog ib feem ntawm ib tug compass duab cwj mem;
• nws kuj yog ib tug linear, riam-zoo li los yog tuab lub puab tsaig - zoo li tus taub hau.

Cwj mem, uas yog hauv qab no tus yees duab - qub ntsuas, uas nws tsim tau hloov nrog lub advent rapidograph.

Qhov twg thov li cas?

Siv lub cuab tam mus rau ntau yam duab kev pab raws qib. Sau lawv heev wide, raws li ntshiab kav ntawm ib tug tej tuab yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam teeb meem. Cov muaj xws li:

• creation ntawm drawings, piv txwv li, qhov kev npaj ntawm vaj tse;
• rau daim ntawv thov rau ntawm daim ntawv topographic maps;
• delineation ntawm ib tug tej yam style kev kos duab, kos duab manga (Japanese comics);
• nyob rau hauv icons, piv txwv li halo vectorization;
• ntau.

Uas yog vim li cas cov lus nug txog qhov no cuab tam li ib tug cwj mem - dab tsi yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas siv nws - yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ntau professions, los ntawm builders thiab creators ntawm lub comic xaus.

paub meej siv

Nrhiav rau ntawm tus cwj mem, nws yog dab tsi, koj yuav to taub zoo dua. Raws li nws cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv, muaj ib co nuances ntawm nws siv, uas yog tseem ceeb rau cov kev kos thiab lwm yam duab tej hauj lwm.

Ua ntej, lub twj paj nruag yuav tsum tau khaws cia raws li ncaj. Qhov no yog ua los mus ua kom cov sab saum toj los yog hauv qab yog tsis tsim ib tug tawg kab. Yog hais tias koj qaij lub cuab tam ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm cov phiaj kov daim ntawv tsis hais tias ua tau kom pliaj teebmeem. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws kev txhawj xeeb ntawm daim duab cwj mem nrog rooj noj lub taub hau - nws yuav tsum tsiv mus nyob nruj me ntsis perpendicular mus rau lub kos duab ntawm daim ntawv, los yog tsiv qhov chaw tau nquag "mus" rau ib tug muab nkhaus.

Secondly, qhov yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev siv ntawm cov kev txawj. Los tuav ib tug ncaj kab li ntawd tus number case tsis podtekli ib tug kav los yog tsis muaj blots thiab ruaj tsis los ntawm tus thawj lub sij hawm yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua. Drafts yuav tsum tau kawm thiab kom pom tseeb, thiab xwb ces tsiv mus rau tus thawj.

Peb, cov tuab kab yog twv nyuab dua. Ua zoo huv si ob thinner kab raws li lub Upper thiab qis ciam ntawm ib tug broad band, ces tus nruab nrab yog lawm ua tus sau nrog tus number case siv ib tug txhuam hniav los yog lwm yam uas zoo sib xws ntsuas.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov ntau tus kheej kev, qhov ntau aesthetically pleasing thiab ncaj ncees yuav tau nqus.

fillers

Ncuav rau hauv lub deb ntawm cov phiaj nyob rau hauv tus cwj mem tej zaum yuav ntau fillers. Cov hauj lwm cov nuj nqis, nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov kev paub thiab qhua. tej thickness yog tau thaum txoj kab yog tsis zoo npaj muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Feem ntau, qhov no mascara raws li xav tau nyob rau hauv kos meej dub kab. Tsawg kev siv nyob rau hauv lub nqus mem xim painting yuav tsum tau pouring xim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom lub taub hau ntawm lub muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog li ntawd nws tsis tau kis mus rau lub twj paj nruag, tsis txhob poob nyob rau hauv txoj kab thiab tsis lwj zaum kawg tshwm sim. Cov rov qab qhov teeb meem no yog ua tau, thaum twg, vim heev tuab muab tub lim kab yuav tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov, vim hais tias nws yuav tsis ntws rau ntawm daim ntawv.

Care ntawm lub cuab tam

Rau zoo duab uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nyob rau hauv zoo meej kev txiav txim. Ua li no, tom qab siv, ua tib zoo ntxuav cov cwj mem, thiab mus nqa tawm tiv thaiv kev ua hauj lwm:

• Ntxuav nrog xab npum thiab dej, ces nrog dej cawv;
• cov phiaj no yuav tsum yog tib yam nyob rau hauv ntev;
• lawv thickness yuav tsum tau ua tib yam thiab yuav txaus nyias, kwv yees li cov plaub hau, lub cuab tam yuav hliav tsuas yog nyob rau sab nraum;
• siv chromium oxide txhuam lub txheej thiab puab qhov chaw ua tib zoo, thiab ces maj mam lis sharpened ntug.

Tsis tu ncua txij nkawm yuav pab kom tau ib tug tiag tiag zoo tshwm sim. Ua ntej ua hauj lwm nrog huv si daim ntawv yog pom zoo kom ua ib tug ob peb kuaj kab rau ib seem daim ntawv kom paub tseeb tias qhov tseeb kab tsis.

Cwj mem - ib lub cuab tam rau kev kos thiab painting. Demanded tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab nyob rau hauv kos duab, uas, yog tias zoo competent daim ntawv thov yuav muab rau koj zoo tau.