Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic. Cyrillic cov tsiaj ntawv. Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic - Slavic tsiaj ntawv

Cov tsiaj ntawv (Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic) - lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev txiav txim ntawm tag nrho cov tej yam tshwm sim, uas qhia rau ib tug neeg lub suab ntawm cov lus. Lub system yog sau cim tau txais heev ywj siab txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub ancient haiv neeg. Slavic cov tsiaj ntawv "Glagolitic", txawm, yog tsim ua ntej. Yuav ua li cas yog lub pub leejtwg ntawm lub ancient sau cim lub rooj sib tham? Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic? Yuav ua li cas yog tus nqi ntawm lub cim tseem ceeb? Nyob rau qhov no tom qab.

Tus paub tsis meej ntawm daim ntawv sau system ntawm cov cim

Raws li yog lub npe hu, Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic - Slavic niam ntawv. Tus heev lub npe ntawm cov los ua ke tau txais los ntawm lub ua ke ntawm "az" thiab "beech". Qhov no cim qhia tus thawj ob tsab ntawv "A" thiab "B". Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg heev ib qho kev nthuav keeb kwm fact. Ancient kos rau cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa hauv cov thawj. Hais tias yog, tag nrho cov cim tau hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov graffiti. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub 9 xyoo pua ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Pereslavl nyob thawj cim. Ob tug centuries tom qab lub Cyrillic (dluab thiab kev txhais cov kev tshwm sim) tau raug inscribed nyob rau hauv lub St. Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kiev.

Lavxias teb sab Cyrillic

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov no sau los ntawm ancient sau cim, thiab tam sim no teb zoo mus rau lub phonetic qauv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus. Qhov no yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub suab qauv ntawm niaj hnub thiab ancient cov lo lus yog tsis ntau sib txawv, thiab lawv twb tsis tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau them tribute mus rau lub originator ntawm lub cev - Constantine. Tus sau ua tib zoo coj mus rau hauv tus account lub phoneme (suab) yog ib feem ntawm ib tug laus hais lus. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub Cyrillic tsiaj ntawv yog tam sim no tsuas capital cov tsiaj ntawv. Ntau ntawm cov cim - sab sauv thiab lowercase cim - Peter twb xub nkag tau rau hauv 1710-m.

Ntsiab tej yam tshwm sim

Cyrillic tsab ntawv "Az" yog qhov pib. Nws qhia qhov chaw "I". Tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tus cim - lo lus "chiv", "pib" los yog "pib". Ib txhia sau yuav pom "Az" yog siv los txhais hais tias "ib tug" (raws li ib tug Cardinal). Cyrillic tsab ntawv "Buki" - lub thib ob kos npe rau lub cim sau. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub "Az" yog lub suav tus nqi tsis txawv. "Buki" - yog "ua tau" los yog "yuav." Tab sis raws li ib tug txoj cai, kuv siv lub cim no nyob rau hauv revolutions ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej tense. Piv txwv li, "Bodie" - "cia nws yuav", thiab "los los yog yav tom ntej" - "bouduschy". Cyrillic tsab ntawv "lead" yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem nthuav ntawm tag nrho cov rooj sib txoos. Qhov no cim sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub xov tooj 2. Lub "Coj" muaj ob peb lub ntsiab - "muaj", "paub" thiab "paub".

Lub sab qaum kev ib lub system ntawm daim ntawv qhia

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias soj ntsuam kev kawm rau hauv lub ntaem cov cim, tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias lawv yooj yim haum thiab straightforward, uas nws kim heev kev siv ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cursive. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej Slav yooj yim heev, tsis muaj ntau yam kev nyuaj, yuav sawv cev rau lawv. Muaj ntau philosophers, lub caij no, pom nyob rau hauv lub zauv kho ntawm cov cim ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub triad. Hais tias nws yuav tsum ncav cuag cov neeg, mus nrhiav kom paub qhov tseeb, ua siab zoo thiab lub teeb.

Lus rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Constantine

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic constituted ib tug priceless creation. Constantine thiab nws tus tij laug Methodius tsis tau tsuas yog cob qhia sau ntawv cim, tab sis tau tsim ib cim sau los ntawm kev txawj ntse, hu mus nrhiav kev txawj ntse, perfection, kev hlub thiab kev txawj ntse, tsis txhob sib ntxub, kev ntxub, kev khib, ces tsuas ib lub teeb. Nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm nws twb xav hais tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim yuav luag ib txhij. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm ancient qhov chaw, tus thawj tseem muaj ib tug Glagolitic. Qhov ntawd no lub rooj sib tham yog cov thawj yuav tau siv thaum txhais lus kev cai dab qhuas ntawv.

Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic. Sib piv. tseeb

Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim ntawm txawv sij hawm. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseeb. Glagolitic, nrog rau cov Greek cov tsiaj ntawv, yog lub hauv paus rau lub tom qab Cyrillic. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm thawj sau tej yam tshwm sim raws li cov kev soj ntsuam nco ntsoov tias lub cim yog ntau archaic (nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub "Kiev nplooj" ntawm lub xyoo pua 10). Thaum lub Cyrillic ntawv, raws li hais saum toj no, ntau phonetically nyob ze rau qhov niaj hnub hais lus. Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug graphical duab ntawm sau cim sau hnub tim 893, lub xyoo thiab nyob ze rau lub suab thiab cov lexical qauv ntawm cov lus uas cov ancient neeg ntawm lub South. Nyob rau feem ntau ancient Glagolitic qhia kuj palimpsests, uas yog ib tug sau rau parchment, nyob qhov twg lub qub ntawv nyeem scraped tawm thiab sau ib tug tshiab. Lawv tag nrho cov scraped tawm lub Glagolitic ntawv, thiab ces rau sab saum toj ntawm nws inscribed Cyrillic. Tsis muaj leej twg palimpsest yog tsis rau lwm txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm.

Tus cwj pwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, muaj pov thawj hais tias tus thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm sau cim tau tso ua ke los ntawm Constantine lub Philosopher nyob rau hauv ib tug ancient runic tsab ntawv. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yuav siv tau los ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab kev dawb ceev pagan ua ntej cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau txais. Tab sis txawm li cas los lub pov thawj rau qhov no yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, paub meej tias lub hav zoov ntawm cov runic tsab ntawv, tsis muaj. Cov Roman Catholic Church, txwv tus cwj pwm kev pab nyob rau hauv lub Slavonic lus rau Croat Glagolitic yus li "gothic niam ntawv." Ib txhia nom tswv tab txwv tus tshiab ntawv, hais tias nws yog invented los ntawm ib tug heretic Methodius, uas "nyob rau hauv lub Slavonic sau ntawv ntau yam cuav tiv thaiv cov Catholic kev ntseeg."

cim tsos

Glagolica thiab Cyrillic ntawv differed los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv zoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ua ntej lawm kev sau ntawv system tsos qhab nia nyob rau ib co moments nws coincides nrog Khutsuri (Georgian tsab ntawv tsim ua ntej lub 9 xyoo pua, nyob rau lub hauv paus, tej zaum, Armenian). Tus xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv tsiaj ntawv yog tib yam - 38. Ib txhia cim nyob rau hauv ib lub zuj zus thiab tag nrho lub system "dorisovyvanie" me me voj voog nyob rau hauv lub xaus ntawm kab, raws li ib tug tag nrho, muaj ib tug qhia kev zoo sib thooj rau cov neeg Yudais cabalistic medieval fonts thiab "runic" Icelandic cryptography. Tag nrho cov lus muaj tseeb tej zaum yuav kiag li random, txij li thaum muaj pov thawj hais tias Constantine lub Philosopher nyeem ancient Hebrew ntawv nyob rau hauv tus thawj, uas yog, kuv yog me ntsis txog cov oriental tsab ntawv (piav nyob rau hauv nws "lub neej ntawm"). Mark yuav luag tag nrho cov Glagolitic ntawv yuav neeg los ntawm cov Greek cursive. Rau uas tsis yog-Greek cim siv cov neeg Yudais system. Tab sis, ntawm cov kev thiab ua vaj tse piav qhia inscription ntaub ntawv rau yuav luag txhua ib cim tsis tau.

Zoo sib xws thiab sib txawv

Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov earliest versions ntawm nws cov nyob tus yeees yog yuav luag tag zoo tib yam. Tsuas yog ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ua cim qhia. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob tsab ntawm Glagolitic ntawv typographically tej yam tshwm sim hloov Cyrillic. Qhov no yog vim feem ntau rau lub fact tias ob peb cov neeg niaj hnub no muaj peev xwm paub txog qhov ntau ancient cim. Tab sis hloov ib cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lwm tsis yog tib yam hais txog zauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub no ua rau yus tsis meej pem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug Glagolitic xov tooj sib haum mus rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv lawv tus kheej, thiab nyob rau hauv Cyrillic tug lej tom qab yog txuas mus rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Greek cov tsiaj ntawv.

Sij hawm ntawm ib ancient tsab ntawv

Feem ntau tham txog ob yam kev Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv. Paub qhov txawv cov laus "yeej", kuj hu ua "Bulgarian", thiab tom qab "angular" los yog "Croat" (yog li lub npe vim lub fact tias siv nyob rau hauv lub commission ntawm kev pe hawm Croatian Catholic kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab-xyoo pua 20th.). Cov nab npawb ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv lub xeem tsis maj los ntawm 41 mus rau 30 cim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj (nrog kev tso cai hauv phau ntawv) qaij tsab ntawv. Glagolitic yuav luag yeej tsis siv nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia - nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, muaj cais "blotches" Glagolitic ntawv nyeem tawg tsam nyob rau hauv Cyrillic. Ancient tsab ntawv twb feem ntau tsim los kis (hloov lwm lub tsev) lub tsev teev ntuj cov rooj sib tham, thiab fwm rau hauv thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab monuments ntawm domestic tsiaj ntawv mus txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv (tus hiob inscription yog xav tau lub inscription ntawm lub 1 ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10 rau hauv lub lauj kaub, nyob rau lub pov toj zes) yog nyob rau hauv Cyrillic .

Theoretical cov kev xav txog cov primacy ntawm cov creation ntawm lub ancient tsab ntawv

Nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim ntawm txawv sij hawm, hais tias ib tug ob peb yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug thawj yog tsim los pab rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug thib ob. Lub hiob monument ntawm Slavic sau ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv Glagolitic. Ntau tsis ntev los no discoveries muaj xws li cov ntawv nyeem zoo. Cyrillic thaud, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta tau theej los ntawm Glagolitic. Nyob rau hauv thawj qauv sau ntawv, sau raug thiab style uas hais nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau zoo meej daim ntawv no. Nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm phau tau txhais pom ib tug tib neeg correlation ntawm lub Glagolitic Cyrillic cov tsiaj ntawv. Yog li ntawd, lub xeem tsab ntawv yog hloov nrog zoo xws li cov-sounding Greek cov tsiaj ntawv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau tshaj phau ntawv cai sib lawv liag kom raug. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic assumed ib tug txawv system ntawm suav correspondences. Txog zauv tseem ceeb twb xub teem rau lub Greek cov tsiaj ntawv.

Yuav ua li cas system ntawm sau cim tseem li cas Constantine?

Raws li ib co sau phau ntawv ntseeg tau hais tias lub tswv yim yog thawj Glagolitic, thiab ces, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm nws tus tij laug Methodius, - tus Cyrillic niam ntawv. Txawm li cas los, muaj pov thawj rau refute nws. Constantine paub thiab hlub tus Greek lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug tub txib nyob rau hauv Eastern orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws ua hauj lwm yog nyiam cov Slavic neeg mus rau lub Greek lub Koom Txoos. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws ua tsis muaj kev txiav txim zoo rau nws kos tau ib daim ntawv system tsiv deb haiv neeg, impedes cov xaav thiab nkag siab txog cov vaj lug kub los ntawm cov neeg uas Greek yog twb paub zoo. Tom qab tsim ib tug tshiab, ntau sophisticated sau ntawv system, nws yog nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas cov ancient archaic tsab ntawv yuav nrov dua. Lub Cyrillic tsiaj ntawv yog xav paub ntxiv kom meej, yooj yim, zoo nkauj thiab meej. Nws yog yooj yim rau cov neeg feem coob. Thaum ib tug Glagolitic muaj ib tug nqaim kom pom tseeb, thiab twb npaj mus txhais tus dawb huv liturgical phau ntawv. Tag nrho cov no cov ntsiab lus rau qhov tseeb hais tias Constantine twb koom nyob rau hauv kos duab txog ib tug system raws li nyob rau hauv Greek. Thiab tom qab ntawd Cyrillic yog ntau yooj yim thiab yooj yim system, hloov lub Glagolitic.

Raws li ib co kev soj ntsuam

Sreznevsky nyob rau hauv 1848 nyob rau hauv nws sau hais tias thaum ntsuam tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam Glagolitic cim, peb yuav xaus hais tias qhov no yog ib qho kev nce archaic, thiab Cyrillic - yog ntau zoo meej. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuab yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv ib co lettering, suab. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub Cyrillic cov tsiaj ntawv kuj yog ntau yooj yim thiab yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv 1766, xyoo uas lub Earl Clement Grubisichem luam tawm ib phau ntawv hais txog lub hauv paus pib ntawm tsab ntawv kos npe rau systems. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv tus sau no siv hais tias cov Glagolitic tsiaj ntawv yog tsim ntev ua ntej yug tus me nyuam thiab yog li ntawd ib tug ntau npaum li cas ancient sau los ntawm cov cim tshaj Cyrillic. Kwv yees li nyob rau hauv 1640, lub xyoo Raphael Lenakovichem "sib tham" twb sau ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws hais tias yuav luag tib yam thiab Grubisich, tab sis ze li ntawm 125 xyoo ua ntej lawm. Muaj cov nqe lus Chernoriza siab tawv (thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10). Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Nyob rau Kev Sau Ntawv", nws nyuab siab tias Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic muaj qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv Chernoriz Brave qhia muaj discontent tsim los ntawm tus kwv tij Constantine thiab Methodius system ntawm sau tej yam tshwm sim. Tus sau kom meej meej heev cov ntsiab lus mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tsis tau hais tias hais tias cov thawj ib tug twb teem ua ntej lub thib ob. Ib txhia ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam, kev luj xyuas tracing ib co cim ( "u", piv txwv li) tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj cov neeg piav saum toj no, cov lus xaus. Yog li ntawd, raws li ib txhia sau phau ntawv, nws twb xub tsim lub Cyrillic ntawv, thiab xwb ces - cov Glagolitic niam ntawv.

xaus

Dua li ntawm qhov haum loj tus naj npawb ntawm muaj teeb meem kev xav txog cov tsos ntawm cov Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic, tus nqi ntawm ib tug sau system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim yog loj loj. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm handwritten tej yam tshwm sim sib tham cov neeg twb muaj peev xwm nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov creation ntawm cov kwv tij Constantine thiab Methodius yog ib tug invaluable qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nrog rau cov tsiaj ntawv tsim ib phau ntawv sau cov lus. Muaj ntau lo lus niaj hnub no yog pom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam kev dialects - Lavxias teb sab, Bulgarian, Ukrainian thiab lwm yam lus. Ua ke nrog tus tshiab system ntawm sau cim thiab hloov tib neeg lub xaav ntawm antiquity - nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub creation ntawm lub Slavic tsiaj ntawv twb zoo mob nrog rau lub me nyuam los tu thiab kis ntawm cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg, lub abandonment ntawm lub ancient txheej thaum ub cults.