Daim ntawv teev cov Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia

Nuclear physics, raws li ib tug science sawv tom qab tus foundations nyob rau hauv 1986 ntawm radioactivity zaum Becquerel thiab Marie Curie, los ua lub hauv paus tsis tsuas yog ntawm nuclear riam phom tab sis kuj nuclear kev lag luam.

Pib Nuclear kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Russia

Twb Radium Commission yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv 1910 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, uas muaj zoo-paub physicists NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm radioactivity dab nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm Internal zog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tus thawj theem ntawm nuclear fais fab kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1921 mus 1941. Ces, nws tau muaj pov thawj tau neutron capture protons raws substantiated tau nuclear tshua ntawm fission ntawm uranium.

Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm I. V. Kurchatova neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm tsev ntawm ntau yam departments tau raug tuav rau ib lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov saw tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm uranium fission.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub creation ntawm nuclear riam phom nyob rau hauv lub USSR

By 1940, tau sau ib tug lossis loj statistical thiab cov tswv yim kev, tau tso cai rau zaum kom lub teb chaws tus coj noj coj yog technically siv ib tug lossis loj atomic zog. Nyob rau hauv 1941, thawj cyclotron, uas enabled ib tug systematic kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm excitation ntawm nuclei ceev ions ua tau nyob rau hauv Moscow. Thaum pib ntawm tsov rog cov khoom tau tsiv mus rau Ufa thiab Kazan, thiab neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum mus.

Los ntawm 1943 muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb kuaj ntawm lub atomic nucleus nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm I. V. Kurchatova, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas yog lub creation ntawm ib tug nuclear foob pob los yog uranium roj.

Kev siv cov atomic bombs los ntawm lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1945 nyob rau hauv Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki tsim ib tug precedent ntawm monopoly cov tswv cuab ntawm lub teb chaws lub superweapon thiab yog li yuam cov Soviet Union kom ceev li lub chaw ua hauj lwm los mus tsim nws tus kheej nuclear foob pob.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm lub koom haum kev ntsuas yog lub community launch ntawm cov thawj uranium-graphite nuclear reactor nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Sarov (Gorky Thaj av) nyob rau hauv 1946. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev kuaj reactor F-1 thiab cov thawj tswj nuclear tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua.

Muaj reactor rau plutonium kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv 1948 nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk. Nyob rau hauv 1949, ib tug xeem tau ua plutonium nuclear xwb nyob rau kev xeem qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Semipalatinsk.

Qhov no theem pib nyob rau hauv lub npaj keeb kwm ntawm domestic nuclear zog. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1949, tus tsim ua hauj lwm los tsim kom tau ib tug nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag twb pib.

Nyob rau hauv 1954 nyob rau hauv Obninsk tau launched lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj (demo) nuclear installation kuj tsis tshua muaj hwj chim (5 MW).

Muaj dual-lub hom phiaj reactor, qhov twg nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus ua hluav taws xob accumulating ntau thiab riam phom qib plutonium, twb muab tso rau hauv Tomsk (Seversk) nyob rau hauv Siberian tshuaj nroj tsuag.

Lavxias teb sab nuclear zog: hom reactors

Nuclear hwj chim lub Soviet Union tau chiv teem nyob rau kev siv ntawm high-power reactors:

• Ciav thermal reactor RBMK (RBMK); Roj - me ntsis enriched uranium dioxide (2%), ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv retarder - graphite coolant - boiling dej lim los ntawm deuterium thiab tritium (lub teeb dej).
• Lub reactor WWER (VVER) thermal neutron uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv ib tug siab txog ntsha, roj - uranium dioxide enriched nrog 3-5% moderator - dej, nws tseem yog lub coolant.
• BN-600 - ib tug ceev ceev neutron reactor, roj - enriched uranium coolant - sodium. Lub ntiaj teb no tsuas coj mus muag reactor ntawm no hom. Ntsia rau ntawm lub Beloyarsk chaw nres tsheb.
• EGP - thermal reactor (zog ua kev voj) tsuas ua hauj lwm rau Bilibino. Yus nyob rau hauv uas overheating ntawm cov coolant (dej) yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub reactor nws tus kheej. Pom zoo raws li unpromising.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Zog ntawm Guj kuj yuav ua rau kom NPP nyob rau hauv lub lag luam hnub no yog 33 units nrog ib tug tag nrho lub peev xwm ntawm dua 2,300 MW:

• VVER - 17 units;
• reactors RMBK - 11 units;
• reactors BN - 1 unit;
• reactors EGP - 4 blocks.

Daim ntawv teev cov Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet republics NPP tswv yim lub sij hawm ntawm xyoo 1954 rau xyoo 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Lub hom phiaj - Ua qauv qhia thiab muaj. Reactor hom - AM-1. Nres nyob rau hauv 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk cheeb tsam. Lub hom phiaj - los tsim riam phom-qib plutonium, ntxiv thaum tshav kub kub thiab dej kub rau cov Seversk thiab Tomsk. Reactor hom - EI-2, 3-Ade, Ade-4, 5-Ade. Thaum kawg nres nyob rau hauv 2008 nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv cog nrog lub tebchaws United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). reactor hom - Ade, Ade 1, Ade-2. Lub hom phiaj - los tsim riam phom-qib plutonium kom sov ore ua tsob nroj nyob rau hauv Krasnoyarsk. Qhov kawg nres coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 2010 nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv cog nrog lub tebchaws United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. reactor hom - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 thiab BN-800. AMB-100 nres nyob rau hauv 1983, lub AMB-200 - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1990 kev txiav txim.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. reactor hom - VVER tsib blocks. Cov thawj thiab thib ob nres. Raws li txoj cai - tam sim no.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, lub nroog Melekess (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk cheeb tsam. Hom tsim kev tshawb fawb reactors - NTIAJ TEB SM RBT-6, Bor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Bor-60 thiab VC-50 ua ntxiv hluav taws xob. Lossi ncua nres lub sij hawm. Raws li txoj cai - qhov tsuas chaw nres tsheb nrog kev tshawb fawb reactors. Kwv yees li ntawm kaw - 2020.
7. Xyoo 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, nres nyob rau hauv 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Ncov qaumteb qabteb Zori Murmansk cheeb tsam. Plaub VVER. Raws li txoj cai - tam sim no.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad cheeb tsam. Plaub reactor RMBK-1000 (tib yam li nyob rau hauv lub Chernobyl). Raws li txoj cai - tam sim no.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka autonomous txoj kev ntug. Hom ntawm reactors - AMB (tam sim no nres), BN thiab plaub EGP. Acting.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Kursk cheeb tsam. Plaub reactors teem RMBK-1000. Acting.
12. 1976. Armenian, ntawm Metsamor, Armenia. thawj nres nyob rau hauv ob VVER 1989 unit, lub thib ob ua.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Plaub reactors teem RMBK-1000. Qhov thib plaub thaiv kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv 1986, lub thib ob chav tsev yog nres nyob rau hauv 1991, thawj - nyob rau hauv 1996, peb - nyob rau hauv 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne cheeb tsam., Ukraine. Peb units nrog VVER reactors. Acting.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk cheeb tsam, ob units nrog VVER-1000 RMBK. Acting.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv cheeb tsam., Ukraine. Peb VVER. Acting.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (hu ua Ignalina koog tsev kawm ntawv), Lithuania. Ob tug RMBK reactor. ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov European Union nres nyob rau hauv 2009 (nrog nkag mus rau hauv lub EEC).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver cheeb tsam. Ob tug VVER. Acting.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Rau blocks rau cov VVER. Acting.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov cheeb tsam. Plaub VVER. Acting.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky cheeb tsam., Ukraine. Ib VVER. Acting.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov cheeb tsam. By 2014, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ob blocks ntawm VVER reactors. Ob chav nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.

Nuclear zog tom qab lub Chernobyl kev huam yuaj

1986 muaj pov thawj neeg tuag taus rau qhov kev lag luam. Lub txim ntawm tus txiv neej-MADE kev puas tsuaj thiaj li npaj txhij txog rau noob neej hais tias tej yam ntuj tso impulse yog lub kaw ntawm ntau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsis yeem. Tau tso tseg tsis los ntawm lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho peb tes num tsis tau tsuas yog domestic noj, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws.

Daim ntawv teev cov Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas twb tshem tawm:

• Gorkovskaya AST (cua sov tsob nroj);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

Daim ntawv teev cov Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, muab tso tseg thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab npaj earthworks:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Far East;
• Ivanovskaia AST (cua sov tsob nroj);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Uas nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag Russia: Ua

Nrhiav lub site siv rau ib tug tectonic txhaum - yog vim li cas raug nplua official qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub preservation ntawm Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag kev tsim kho. Daim ntawv qhia txog mob siab heev seismic qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws txiag Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag tsam Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far East thiab Priamurskaya.

Los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view qhov kev siv Crimean chaw nres tsheb (thawj thaiv ntawv - 80%) tau ua tau pib tsis tas. Qhov tiag yog vim li cas rau lub preservation ntawm lub hwj chim tseg raws li ib tug kim ua unfavorable qhov teeb meem - lub economic ntsoog nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm lawv tau conserved (lus ces muab pov tseg nyob rau hauv rau embezzlement), ntau industrial cov chaw, txawm lub high degree ntawm kev npaj txhij.

Rostov NPP: lub resumption ntawm siv nyob rau hauv tawv ncauj ntawm pej xeem lub tswv yim

Siv cov kev faib ntawm cov nroj tsuag twb pib nyob rau hauv 1981. Nyob rau hauv 1990, nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm ib tug active pej xeem Regional Council saws ib tug txiav txim nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm kev txuag. Cov ntawv ntawm cov thawj thaiv thaum lub sij hawm twb 95% thiab cov 2nd - 47%.

Yim xyoo tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1998, twb kho tus thawj cua ntsawj ntshab, tus xov tooj ntawm chav nyob yog txo mus rau ob tug. Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 2000, siv tau resumed, thiab nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 2001 thawj chav tsev yog hloov mus rau daim phiaj. Pib xyoo tom ntej, nws tau resumed kev siv ntawm ib tug thib ob. Qhov kawg community launch twb ncua ob peb lub sij hawm, thiab nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 2010 tuav nws twb kev txuas mus rau hauv daim phiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.

Rostov NPP tsev 3

Nyob rau hauv 2009, ib tug kev txiav txim siab tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Rostov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nrog lub installation ntawm nws plaub ntau blocks rau lub hauv paus ntawm VVER reactors.

Muab qhov teeb meem tam sim rau lub caij hluav taws xob khoom rau lub Crimean ceg av qab teb yuav tsum ua Rostov NPP. 3 chav tsev nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014 twb kev cob cog rua rau lub hwj chim system ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation kom txog thaum ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus lub hwj chim. Los ntawm nruab nrab-2015 nws yog npaj yuav pib coj mus muag lag luam (1011 MW), uas yuav tsum tau txo txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm luv luv mov ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv Crimea.

Nuclear zog nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab

By pib ntawm 2015 tag nrho cov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag Russia (uas twb muaj lawm thiab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho) yog subsidiaries ntawm "Rosenergoatom" kev txhawj xeeb. Qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub sector nrog teeb meem thiab kev piam sij tau kov yeej. By pib ntawm 2015 nyob rau hauv Russia muaj 10 nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho - 5 av thiab ib tug floating chaw nres tsheb.

Daim ntawv teev cov Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm 2015:

• Beloyarsk (commencement ntawm lub lag luam - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Fais Fab Cog (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Fais Fab Cog (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad cheeb tsam. Ob tug blocks rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub VVER-1200 reactors. Siv cov kev faib pib nyob rau hauv 2012. Pib - nyob rau hauv 2017, lub tsim muaj peev xwm - nyob rau hauv 2018

Nws yog npaj tias cov Baltic NPP yuav export hluav taws xob rau European lub teb chaws: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. hluav taws xob kev muag khoom nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tau ua los ntawm cov Lithuanian hwj chim system.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv ntawv tam sim no. Ib unit - raws li nyob rau hauv lub BN-800 reactor. Keeb xeeb los rau ya nyob rau hauv 2014 tau raug pauv vim lub luv luv mov ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov nom tswv txheej xwm ntawm 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 nyob rau hauv Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad cheeb tsam. Chetyrehblokovaya chaw nres tsheb raws li VVER-1200 reactors. Nws yuav hloov rau SELA (Leningrad). Tus thawj chav tsev yog npaj los qhia kom cov nyob rau hauv 2015, tom qab - 2017, 2018, 2019. ntsig txog.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 nyob rau hauv Novovoronezh Voronezh cheeb tsam, tsis deb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Yuav hloov lub tswv yim npaj kev siv ntawm plaub blocks, thawj - rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub VVER-1200 reactors, lub nram qab no - VVER-1300. Thaum pib ntawm tus tsim muaj peev xwm - nyob rau hauv 2015 (thawj chav tsev).
• Rostov (cm. Saum toj no).

Nuclear fais fab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb: ib tug txheej txheem cej luam

Nyob rau hauv lub European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws no los ua yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Daim ntawv qhia planetary arrangement nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag qhia tau hais tias lub concentration ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov nram no plaub cheeb tsam: Teb chaws Europe, lub Far East (Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, Kauslim Teb), cov Middle East, Central America. Raws li cov IAEA, hais txog 440 nuclear reactors ua nyob rau hauv 2014.

Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no:

• US nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tsim 836 630 000 000 kWh / xyoo ..;
• nyob rau hauv Fabkis - 439 730 000 000 kWh / xyoo ;.
• Nyiv - 263 830 000 000 kWh / xyoo ;.
• nyob rau hauv Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / xyoo ;.
• nyob rau hauv Kauslim - 142 940 000 000 kWh / xyoo ;.
• nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees - 140 530 000 000 kWh / xyoo ..