Dekabrist Muravev Nikita Mihaylovich: biography

Nikita Muravev yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Decembrist zog. Nws yog tus sau ntawm cov thawj cua ntsawj ntshab Constitution, thiab piav me ntsis taws rau sab qaum teb ib daim card zej zog. Thaum lub sij hawm lub uprising nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Muraveva nyob rau hauv lub capital tsis yog, tab sis nws twb tseem ntes rau hais lus phem tus qhia xwm.

thaum ntxov xyoo

Yav tom ntej Decembrist Muravev Nikita yug Lub Xya hli ntuj 30, 1795 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nws tuaj ntawm ib tug muaj koob tsev neeg. Nws txiv, Mihail Muravev - Senator, lub trustee ntawm lub Moscow University, txawj sau ntawv thiab publicist coob hais. Niam Catherine tau koom ib tug naas ej Lavxias teb sab noble tsev neeg Kolokoltseva.

Muravev Nikita twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow University (Physics thiab Lej Department). Thaum pib ntawm 1812 nws los ua ib tug collegiate neeg sau npe kawm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm tsov rog. Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog invaded ntawm Napoleon. Muravev Nikita sab laug lub tsev tsis muaj ib tug tag nrho piav rau cov niam txiv, thiab mus rau hauv cov tub rog. Hluas cuv npe kawm muaj raws li ib tug chij. Nws los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub teb chaws phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog los ntawm 1813-1814. Ensign los tshwm sim rau lub battlefield ntawm Leipzig. Sib ntaus sib tua vim hais tias ntawm nws cov magnitude tau ua lub npe hu ua lub "sib ntaus sib tua ntawm haiv neeg."

Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe,

Thaum kawg ntawm lub phiaj los nqis tes Muravev Nikita Mihaylovich twb pauv mus rau General neeg ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ib tug ob peb lub hlis nyob rau tag nrho cov tib nyob rau hauv 1814 Napoleon rov qab los ntawm exile rau Elba. Pib ntawm tus naas ej "100 hnub". Ntsaum ntawm lub sij hawm no tom qab lub aggravation ntawm qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe tau ob rau Arseniyu Zakrevskomu - ib qho ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab generals lub tsev hauv paus nyob rau hauv Vienna.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1815 Napoleon raug thaum kawg swb lawm. Cov yav tas los tus huab tais twb raug xa mus rau lub kob ntawm Saint Helena, qhov twg nws tuag. Meanwhile, tus tub hluas Muravev Nikita kov caij mus rau hauv Paris. Zoo li tus so ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab txawv teb chaws campaigns, nws twb xav tsis thoob yuav ua li cas lub neej nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe yog txawv los ntawm lub neej ntawm nws haiv neeg lub teb chaws. Nws yog ib cov yaam puab paub yav tom ntej coj cov hluas mus ua tus Decembrists. Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, ntsaum lom lwm yeej nrog nws cov phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv Paris nws tau txais ib tug ntau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau nws paub, nws tau ntsib nrog rau cov thawj coj ntawm lub kiv puag ncig Fabkis - tus npis sov Anri Greguarom, txawj sau ntawv Benjamin tas mus li, thiab lwm yam ...

Homecoming

Hnov lub backwardness ntawm Russia los ntawm sab hnub poob, Muravev Nikita Mihaylovich tom qab rov qab los tsev nrog tshiaj zog undertook nws kev kawm ntawv. Txawm ces nws paub ntau lawm yav tom ntej Decembrists. Lawv muab qhia rau tib yam biography: tsov rog, lub phiaj los nqis tes mus txawv teb chaws, zoo siab lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug dawb cov teb chaws Europe.

Ntsaum sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub thawj koom haum ntawm lub Decembrists. Nyob rau hauv 1816 nws tau tsim "Union of Salvation," thiab nyob rau hauv 1818 - "tus welfare ntawm lub Union." Cov yav tas muaj xws li lub koom haum hais txog 200 tus neeg. Kev lig kev cai, nws yog ib tug paub tsis meej, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag lub zej zog tau lug paub. Peb paub txog nws thiab nyob rau sab saum toj heev. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Union yog yuav qhia kom cov neeg thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov serfs. Dekabrist Muravev Nikita Mihaylovich thiab nws pab ntseeg hais tias cov thawj kev phem ntawm Russia yog cia li ua cev qhev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub liberated neeg pluag lawv pom lub ci yav tom ntej ntawm lub teb chaws.

"Union ntawm Welfare"

Lub "Union ntawm Welfare," Nikita Muravev nrog Sergeem Trubetskim thiab Aleksandrom Muravevym (tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo) sau lub charter zej zog - qhov "Ntsuab Phau Ntawv." Nyob rau hauv nws qhov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau ntawm tsis txaus siab hwj chim tau formulated. Lawv xav kom cov abolition ntawm serfdom, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov autocracy thiab cov emergence ntawm Lavxias teb sab Constitution.

Nyob rau hauv "Ntsuab Phau Ntawv" Kuv paub tias txawm Alexander I. Ntxiv mus, nws muab nws nyeem nws npaj successor - nws tus kwv Konstantin Nikolayevich. Chiv, huab tais tsis tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau lub koom haum ntawm lub Decembrists, xav tias lawv muaj kev lom zem tsam cov tub ntxhais hluas. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1820, Alexander lub tswv yim hloov tom qab nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe muaj tau ob peb lub revolutions, thiab nyob rau hauv Russia tiv thaiv lawv superiors ntxeev siab Semenov tso kom muaj kab muaj kev.

cua ntsawj ntshab Constitution

"Union ntawm Welfare" twb yaj nyob rau hauv 1821. Tom qab lub cais ntawm lub koom haum Nikita Muravev pib lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub sab qaum teb Society. Parallel rau qhov no, nws tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub khwb. Tau nrog nws nyob rau hauv Minsk, Decembrist tsim thawj kev kee ntawm yav tom ntej Constitution. Nws nyob ib qho tseem ceeb tshiab ntxiv rau cov kev cai ntawm cov laus uas yuav tsum tau. Cov kevcai tswj Nikita Mikhailovich Muraviev tau yog sau rau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas lub feudal system, conscription, yuav tau raug puas tsuaj tub rog koom (vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi thiab tawm Semenov tso kom muaj kab muaj kev). Lub monarchy yog mus yuav luag. Qhov no peb tes num tau raug criticized los ntawm lwm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Decembrists.

Ntsaum yog tus tshaj plaws influential mej zeej ntawm lub sab qaum teb zej zog rau ib tug sib npaug zos hauv paus nrog Nikolai Turgenev, thiab ib co lwm cov tub ntxhais. Decembrist tsis hnov qab cia rau hauv kov nrog Pavlom Pestelem. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog lub taub hau ntawm lub yav qab teb Society, thiab txawm ua Muraveva tug tswv cuab ntawm nws cov tswj lub cev - tus thawj coj, dua li ib txhia ideological sib txawv.

Cov raug ntes thiab exile

Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1825 Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev, uas nws biography yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub neej ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog lub Decembrist zog, sab laug nrog nws tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub caij so. Vim li no, nws tsis tau tag nrho cov ntawm cov txheej xwm uas txuam nrog cov los kom sawv, sawv nyob rau Senate Square thiab defeat disgruntled xeev system. Muraviev twb puas tau raug ntes ib tug ob peb hnub tom qab ntawd, nyob rau 20 Hlis ntuj nqeg. Nws coj noj coj ua lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib daim card haiv neeg hais tias Arkady Mayboroda, ib tug qub phooj ywg ntawm Pestel thiab nyuam qhuav tuaj koom lub yav qab teb Society.

Nyob rau hauv 1826, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, ntsaum twb exiled nyuaj ua hauj lwm rau 15 xyoo (tom qab cov kab lus twb txo). Secret pawg neeg mus soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Decembrists, nws nthuav nws tus kheej kos ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub revolutionary zej zog. Txim tus neeg yog pab lub tsev rau txim nyob rau hauv Chita thiab Petrovsky Hoobkas. Nyob rau hauv exile, nws khaws cia nyob rau hauv kov nrog rau ib co ntawm cov Decembrists. Tom qab 10 xyoo ntawm cov zog ua hauj lwm rau ntsaum nws tau mus rau khom nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Urik Irkutsk. Muaj nws twb koom nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, thiab txawm qhib nws tus kheej zeb. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog 47, May 10, 1843, thiab tsis tos rau lub zam txim thiab rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg.