Secret "yav qab teb Society" Decembrists: ib txoj cai daim ntawv, lub hom phiaj thiab cov neeg tuaj koom

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua Russia yog incredibly nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam txheej xwm. Txawm li cas los, lub Decembrists 'uprising ntawm Senate Square occupies ntawm lawv ib tug tshwj xeeb heev qhov chaw. Tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias tus lub hom phiaj ntawm tag nrho cov yav tas los muaj kev vam meej thiab hai tau npaj siab mus txeeb hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog los hloov ib autocrat lwm tus neeg, ces lub sij hawm no nws yog ib tug kev hloov ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov kev hloov mus rau ib tug txheej txheem rau lub xeev Republican txoj cai. Lub initiators ntawm lub hlis ntuj nqeg uprising twb mej zeej ntawm lub "South" thiab "North" daim card societies, tswj los ntawm NM ntsaum, Trubetskoy thiab PI Pestel.

prehistory

Cov zaj dab neeg txog lub Decembrists 'uprising yog feem ntau txoj kev cai uas yuav pib nrog lub hauv paus ntawm Aleksandrom Muravevym nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg "Union ntawm Salvation" - ib tug tsis pub leejtwg paub haiv neeg, uas tshaj hais tias nws lub hom phiaj lub liberation ntawm lub peasants thiab nqa tawm radical kho nyob rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm lub xeev cov kev tswj. Qhov no koom haum ntawd kub ntev li tsuas yog ib xyoo, thiab tau disbanded vim sib txawv nyob rau hauv koom lub views on tau regicide. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov tswv cuab tseem cov kev ua ub, tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub "Welfare Union". Thaum cov conspirators kawm tau hais tias cov tub ceev xwm npaj siab yuav mus qhia nyob rau hauv Cov Qib ntawm rebels ntawm lawv cov tub soj xyuas, es tsis txhob nws tau tsim "Northern" (thaum ntxov 1822) thiab "South" (1821), daim card societies. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv siv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb capital, thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv Kiev.

yav qab teb cov haiv neeg

Txawm tias ob peb lub xeev raws li txoj cai ntawm lub koom haum ntawm conspirators kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Ukraine, lub cuab ntau npaum li cas radical set tshaj lub "northerners". Qhov no yog feem ntau vim lub fact tias lub "yav qab teb Society" consisted nkaus ntawm tub ceev xwm, feem ntau ntawm uas muaj kev nyob rau hauv nqe ntaus rog, thiab cov mej zeej yuav nrhiav hloov cov nom tswv qauv ntawm lub teb chaws los ntawm ib tug tub rog coup thiab regicide. Lub raws taw tes rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm pib nyob rau hauv 1823. Nws yog ces hais tias coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Kiev lub rooj sib tham uas tau txais txoj cai daim ntawv "yav qab teb Society" sau los ntawm Pavla Pestelya, hu ua "Lavxias teb sab tseeb." Qhov no ua hauj lwm, ua ke nrog cov cua ntsawj ntshab Constitution Murav'ev cia siab rau los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm "Northern Society", ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm hnyav views ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab aristocracy ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, uas, incidentally, coj mus rau abolition ntawm serfdom.

txoj cai daim ntawv

"Lavxias teb sab tseeb" Pestel tau qhia rau lawv nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub cov tswv cuab, "yav qab teb Society" nyob rau hauv 1823. Txawm li cas los, nws pib ua hauj lwm rau nws rov qab nyob rau hauv 1819. Tag nrho cov tau sau 5 chapters rau daim av, cov tub kawm thiab lub teb chaws tej teeb meem. Pestel npaj rau rename Nizhniy Novgorod rau Vladimir thiab tsiv mus rau lub capital ntawm Russia tus tshiab unified lub xeev nrog ib tug Republican daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub "Lavxias teb sab tseeb" tsa lo lus nug ntawm lub tam sim ntawd abolition ntawm serfdom. Lub "yav qab teb Society" Decembrists kuj muaj xws li:

• koob pheej ntawm lawv ua ntej txoj cai, txhua txhua tus pej xeem;
• txoj cai mus xaiv tsa "Nrov los ua ke" rau tag nrho cov txiv neej muaj hnub nyoog tshaj nees nkaum;
• txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus, kev ntseeg, chav kawm ntawv, los ua ke, zog thiab cov xovxwm;
• inviolability ntawm lub tsev thiab cov neeg;
• koob pheej ntawm lawv ua ntej kev ncaj ncees.

cov hom phiaj

Raws li tau hais tias, "yav qab teb Society" yog ntau radical tshaj lub "North." Nws lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj yog mus rau:

• lub tshem tawm ntawm autocracy, nrog rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub reigning tsev ntawm Romanov;
• lub abolition ntawm serfdom, tab sis tsis tau muab lub teb chaws rau lub peasants;
• qhia txog ntawm ib cov kevcai tswj;
• kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv hnub nyoog xws;
• lub tsev lag luam ntawm tus neeg sawv cev tsoom fwv.

P. Pestel: nyuag biographical sketch

Yog li ntawd uas yog nyob rau hauv lub helm "yav qab teb Society" thiab tsim ib cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov kev kho ntawm Russia, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Enlightenment? Hais tias tus txiv neej yog Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1793 nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv ib tug German tsev neeg, nyob qhov twg professed Lutheranism. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12, tus tub hluas twb raug xa mus Dresden, qhov uas nws kawm ntawm ib qho ntawm lub kaw cov tsev kawm ntawv. Ntxiv kev kawm ntawv Pavel Pestel yog nyob rau hauv lub Corps ntawm nplooj ntawv, thiab raws li thaum nws kawm tiav tus tub hluas uas tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv lub Lithuanian tso kom muaj kab muaj kev. Tub rog ua hauj lwm ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej conspirator muaj ntau tshaj li kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv kev, Pestel tsom txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua siab loj thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam battles ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II nyob rau hauv 1812, twb tau muab ib tug ntau yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab phooj ywg khoom plig.

Nom tswv ua si Pavla Pestelya

Tom qab lub yeej tshaj Napoleon nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm muaj kev nom kev tswv cov koom haum, aims los txhim kho qhov teeb meem ntawm peasants thiab txwv tsis pub los yog txawm ua kom puas lub monarchy. Ib tug ntawm cov yog cov tub rog thiab Pavel Pestel, uas tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub "Union ntawm Salvation", tom qab ntawd "Union ntawm Welfare," thiab thaum kawg coj nyob rau hauv 1821 "yav qab teb tsis pub leejtwg paub cov haiv neeg." Lub ntsiab miscalculation uas ua Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, nws yog nws suggestion tias, nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm yeej ntawm lub insurrection lub teb chaws indefinitely kav Daim Ntawv tsoom fwv. Qhov no lub tswv yim tau tshwm sim los kev txhawj xeeb nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm lub "Northern Society", raws li ntawm lub rebels muaj ntau ntawm cov neeg uas pom nyob rau hauv nws ua thiab lub siab xav mus ua ib tug dictator, thiab cov Napoleonic ambitions. Uas yog vim li cas lub "northerners" nyob rau hauv tsis muaj hurry mus sib sau ua ke nrog lub "Southerners", uas thaum kawg thiaj li lawv tag nrho tej zaum. Judging los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thaum lub sij hawm 1824, Pestel, xav tias nws tus kheej tsis to taub los ntawm lug txhawb cov miv, tej kev nyuaj siab thiab txawm rau tej lub sij hawm poob kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm "yav qab teb Society".

"Yav qab teb Society": koom

Dhau li P. Pestel, cov mej zeej ntawm daim card zej zog, ib lub koom haum ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog units stationed nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm cov niaj hnub Ukraine, ob peb lub kaum os zoo-paub cov tub rog thaum lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv kev, ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub "Southerners" tshwj xeeb txoj cai enjoyed S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov thiab cov hero ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812, lub xyoo S. Volkonsky. Rau cov kev tswj ntawm lub koom haum twb tau raug xaiv ib tug thawj coj, uas, sib nrug los ntawm Pestel thiab Nikita Muraviev, kuj nkag mus hauv lub quartermaster-general AP Yushnevsky.

Kev nqis tes ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm mus las cov kev ua ub ntawm daim card societies

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Decembrist zog, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog lwm yam conspiratorial societies, muaj traitors thiab provocateurs. Nyob rau hauv kev, feem ntau neeg tuag taus yuam kev nws ua Pestel, uas ua ib daim card "yav qab teb Society" nws subordinate - Tus tauj ncov loj Arkady Mayboroda. Xeem tsis muaj tej kev kawm ntawv, raws li muaj tim khawv los heev heev grammatical uas tsis yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub denunciation sau rau ntawm lawv Pestel, kuv tsis ncaj. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1825 Mayboroda ua ib tug loj pov tseg ntawm cov tub rog nyiaj cov nyiaj. Hwm thiab paub ntshai lub txim, nws hais rau cov tub ceev xwm hais txog cov uas tab tom yuav ntxeev siab. Txawm ua ntej lawm denunciation ntawm lub conspirators tau ua ib tug uas tsis yog-commissioned officer nyob rau hauv Sherwood, uas txawm hu mus rau Alexander lub Thawj tim khawv thiab xa mus rau ib qho chaw uas muab kev pab rau lub Peb tso kom muaj kab muaj kev kab, yog li ntawd nws yuav mus txuas ntxiv los qhia rau lub hom phiaj thiab kev xa ntawm lub rebels.

Npaj rau ib tug uprising

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1825, nyob ib lub rooj sib tham nrog General S. Volkonsky, Pestel tau pom tias lub hom phaj "yav qab teb Society" nyob rau hauv lub tuaj lub hlis, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog qhov kev npaj ntawm lub uprising, teem rau Lub ib hlis ntuj 1, 1826. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv hnub no coj lawv mus Vyatka tso kom muaj kab muaj kev yuav tsum ua lub zog ntawm tus ceev xwm hauv lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub 2nd Army nyob rau hauv Tulchin. Conspirators twb tsim txoj kev yuam peb hlis ntuj mus St. Petersburg, mov tseem ceeb foodstuffs. Nws twb assumed hais tias lawv yuav raug ntes rau hauv lub commander thiab thawj ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub rog thiab tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov uas lawv yeej txaus siab los pab tub rog units coj los khiav dej num ntawm cov neeg States "Northern Society".

Lub txim ntawm lub revolt ntawm lub Decembrists rau cov tswv cuab ntawm "yav qab teb Society"

Ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias Pestel Pavel Ivanovich twb puas tau raug ntes txawm ua ntej cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub Senate Square, thiab ntau tshwj xeeb, Hlis ntuj nqeg 13, 1825, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm denunciation Mayboroda. Nws twb tom qab tuav thiab tso dua rau lub tsev hais plaub 37 mej zeej ntawm lub "Society ntawm lub South", raws li zoo raws li 61 mej zeej ntawm lub "Northern Society" thiab 26 cov neeg muaj feem xyuam rau lub "Society ntawm lub South Slavs". Muaj ntau ntawm lawv twb raug txim mus rau ntau yam ntawm txoj kev tuag tab sis, ces raug zam, tsuas yog rau tsib: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka thiab Muraviev-Apostol.

Lub uprising ntawm lub Chernigov tso kom muaj kab muaj kev

Tom qab ua paub txog tus txheej xwm ntawm lub Senate Square, thiab ntau yam ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm "yav qab teb Society" tau raug ntes, cov seem free lawv lug txhawb cov miv txiav txim siab los ua pauj. Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29, tub ceev xwm ntawm lub Chernigov tso kom muaj kab muaj kev Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev thiab Schepillo rov lawv regimental commanders thiab tso Muraviev-Apostol, uas twb muab tub nyob rau hauv lub zos Trilesy. Hnub tom qab, tus rebels seized lub nroog ntawm cornflowers thiab Motovilovka, uas tshaj tawm lub "Orthodox Catechism", uas, los ntawm txaus rau cov kev cai dab qhuas sentiments ntawm cov tub rog sim piav rau lawv hais tias cov lus sib liam ntawm ib feem ntawm lub imperial hwj chim - tseeb, thiab Lavxias teb sab neeg yuav tsum mloog xwb qhov yuav ntawm tus Tswv, thiab tsis autocrat.

Ob peb hnub tom qab, lub zos nyob Ustymivka clash ntawm rebels thiab tsoom fwv tub rog. Ntxiv mus, S. Muraviev-Thwj Tim forbade cov tub rog mus tua hluav taws, hoping tias yog li ntawd yuav commanders uas nrhiav tau lawv tus kheej nyob rau lwm yam sab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub tua neeg pov tseg nws tau raug mob, nws kwv nws tij cog lus tua tus kheej, thiab 6 tub ceev xwm thiab 895 cov tub rog tau raug ntes. Yog li, lub "yav qab teb Society" tau ceased mus nyob ua ib ke, thiab nws cov neeg tau yog puas lawm lub cev los yog demoted thiab exiled Siberia los yog mus rau cov tub rog, kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov revolt ntawm lub Decembrists twb tsis muaj kev vam meej, nws qhia lub Lavxias teb sab sovereigns rau qhov yuav tsum tau rau kho, uas, li cas los xij, thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Nicholas II tsis tau ua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov kev pab cuam "yav qab teb Society" thiab "Constitution" Muravyov muab impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev npaj mus txia ua lub revolutionary cov koom haum, uas, nyob rau hauv tus, thiab coj mus rau lub 1917 kiv puag ncig.