Dhau caij nyoog lo lus thiab neologisms: piv txwv. Archaisms thiab neologisms nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab

Lavxias teb sab lus muaj ib puas-hloov tau cov lo lus: ib co yav tas los feem ntau ntau txhais yog tam sim no tsis yog puas tau siv, thiab lwm yam, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, yog nce siv los ntawm peb. Piv txwv ntawm obsolete lus thiab neologisms yog heev heev, uas qhia txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus.

Zoo li cov phenomena yog zoo txuas rau cov kev pauv nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg: ib lo lus tshiab muaj tshwm sim nrog lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab lub tswvyim, thiab yog hais tias tus neeg tsis tig mus rau ib co yam khoom los yog tshwm sim, nws tsis siv lub sij hawm uas yog siv los mus xaiv nws. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb xav txog obsolete lus thiab neologisms, piv txwv ntawm lawv cov kev siv, hom thiab cov yam ntxwv.

Dhau caij nyoog lus: txhais

Dhau caij nyoog lo lus - yog zoo li no uas nyob rau ntawm ib tug muab lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm los yog heev tsis tshua muaj siv los yog tsis siv hlo li (xws li, sab tes xis, kuv tus me nyuam, cov liab, daim di ncauj, Commissar).

Obsolescence lus - nws yog ib tug txheej txheem, yog li ntawd, txawv cov ntsiab lus tej zaum yuav muaj ntau theem. Tseem tsis tau tso tawm los ntawm active kev siv, tab sis siv tsawg heev tshaj nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, cov lus xa mus rau raws li "laus lus".

Neologisms thiab archaisms yog siv rau txawv hom phiaj. Cov yav tas yog siv, piv txwv li, rau lub naming ntawm cov khoom thiab phenomena, uas yog, ua nominative muaj nuj nqi (piv txwv li, kev thiab keeb kwm tej hauj lwm). Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb kev soj ntsuam txog keeb kwm ntxhais, xws vocabulary plays ib tug nominative-stylistic luag hauj lwm - tsis tsuas ua hauj lwm pab kom paub tias ib tug tseeb, tab sis kuj tsim ib tug tej yam tsw ntawm lub era.

Nyob rau hauv cov zajlus ntawv nyeem outdated lus yuav siv tau los qhia lub sij hawm thaum qhov kev txiav txim yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Archaisms (thiab neologisms) tej zaum yuav pab tau raws li lub sij stylistic lub hom phiaj. Dhau caij nyoog lus muab cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub solemn, raws li qhov txhais tau tias kev qhia.

Neologisms: kev qhia kom paub

Peb teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi neologisms, piv txwv thiab sim coj. Cov no yog cov tshiab, tsis tau ua tus txhua hnub thiab cov lus. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog lossi hloov, ib co ntawm cov neologisms coj hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus, thaum lwm tus neeg - yog tsis. Yog li, lo lus "satellite" nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog ib tug neologism. Txhua txhua xyoo, cov xov xwm siv kaum ntawm txhiab tus tshiab cov nqe lus thiab cov tswv yim, tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub siv. Ib txhia yog siv ib zaug xwb nyob rau hauv lub hais lus los yog ib txhia ntawv nyeem, thiab lwm leej lwm tus yog muaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab hais lus, raws li siv dua, tsis tau lawv lub novelty. Tej yam tshiab ntsiab lus uas, tsis txawm nkag mus rau lub ntsiab lexical nyiaj, tam sim ntawd poob tawm ntawm kev siv thiab yog twb dhau caij nyoog (xws hmoo, piv txwv li, cov lus ntawm post-revolutionary xyoo: nrauv kev kawm ntawv, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Txoj kev ntawm tej lo lus tshiab

Dhau caij nyoog lo lus thiab neologisms Lavxias teb sab lus - ib tug heev interesting tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mas yuav tau paub yuav ua li cas muaj tej lub ntsiab tshiab. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev:

- lub tsim ntawm lexical neologism (tshiab sij hawm) los ntawm uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov lus morphemes thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm ua qauv: phab ntsa ntub dej, tsav, ib tug optical fiber;

- txais ib tug txawv teb chaws lo lus nrog rau tom ntej tsim ntawm nws cov lus tshiab rau uas twb muaj lawm ua qauv ntawm lo lus tsim: lub scanner, luam theej duab, luam theej duab;

- lub tsim ntawm tshiab lexical ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug uas twb muaj lawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov lus (nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lo lus no yog hu ua semantic neologisms), originating nyob rau hauv, xws li los ntawm tracing lub ntsiab ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus: nas - no ntaus ntawv yog rau computer tswv yim ntaub ntawv, thiab cov tsiaj; Winchester - qhov no ntaus ntawv rau khaws cia ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub computer, thiab ib rab phom;

- lub tsim ntawm tej yam ruaj khov ob peb ua ke nrog tus tshiab tus nqi (nrog rau cov cim tseg): motherboard, ib tug nyuaj tsav.

Archaisms thiab historicism

Cov disused paub cov ntsiab lus cais archaisms thiab historicism. Dhau caij nyoog lo lus thiab neologisms, piv txwv uas teev tseg rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, muaj ib tug txawv txoj hmoo.

Nws txiav txim lawv siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus, tsis "muaj hnub nyoog": hu ua qhov tseem ceeb, tseem ceeb heev cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj hnub nyoog rau centuries, thaum lwm tus neeg yog heev ceev ceev archaizing, peb tsis txhob siv rau lawv raws li cov khoom lawv tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau cov lus ploj. Piv txwv li, cov kev kawm ntawv system nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tau hloov, thiab yog li ntawd kev hais lus ploj mus, cov ntsiab lus xws li txias poj niam, lub koom haum rau Noble Maidens, schoolgirl, neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb (nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv").

Lub tswvyim ntawm "historicism"

Neeg ua hauj lwm npe zoo tswv yim, tej khoom thiab tshwm sim ntawm kev hais lus hu ua historicism. Tag nrho cov saum toj no cov nqe lus xa mus rau lawv. Cov lus nyob rau hauv peb hom lus, tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm, txij li thaum lawv tsuas yog cov cim ntawm obsolete khoom. Nyob rau hauv historicism, yog li ntawd, yuav muaj tsis muaj txhais. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, keeb kwm ntaub ntawv, lawv yuav inevitably siv yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg, raws li lawv pab tau tus tov tsw ntawm ib tug era. Cov lus muab lub yam ntxwv ntawm lub keeb kwm cia siab rau ntawm lub yav dhau los tau hauj lwm.

Yog li, historicism - cov lus uas peb tau ceased yuav tsum tau siv vim lub fact tias lawv sawv ntsug rau lub phenomenon zoo thiab cov khoom: tsho tiv no, bursa, posadnik. Lawv yog siv mas nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawv piav txog yav dhau los (ob artistic thiab scientific).

Lub tswvyim ntawm "archaism"

Archaisms - lo lus uas tau poob mus rau hauv ib tug passive ntug vim hais tias lawv raug xa mus rau, uas twb muaj lawm thiab niaj hnub no qhov tshwm sim, tej khoom thiab lub tswv yim muaj cov npe tshiab. Paub qhov txawv ntau hom ntawm lawv, nyob ntawm seb zoo li cas nam ntawm ib lo lus yog tawm ntawm hnub:

- lexical, yog hais tias tus lo lus yog tawm ntawm hnub thiab tsis muaj lawm siv lub suab-tsab ntawv, thiab tus nqi yog tam sim no raug xa mus rau tus tshiab ib yam ntawm cov lus;

- semantic - nyob rau hauv rooj plaub qhov twg lo lus tshwm sim, tab sis nws tau poob ib co nqi los yog ntau tshaj ntawm lawv ( "plab sawb") nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub hom lus;

- phonetic - yog hais tias koj hloov tus duab ntawm lub suab ntawm ib lub sij hawm, reflected nyob rau hauv nws sau ntawv ( "kaum yim xyoo");

- lo lus-tsim - thaum obsolete nws tus kheej derivational qauv ntawm cov lo lus ( "tsis nrog tshuaj lom");

- qauv sau ntawv - yog hais tias tawm ntawm kev siv ib co grammatical cov ntaub ntawv.

Archaisms dab tsi yeej tseem zoo los ntawm historicism tsis sib txawv. Yog hais tias tus tom kawg - yog lub npe ntawm ib co laus kawm, thawj - laus npe ntau lub tswv yim thiab phenomena uas peb ntsib nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

hom archaisms

Ntawm cov archaisms yuav paub qhov txawv tej pab pawg ntawm cov lo lus. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov kheev siv lus ntawm cov kev nta nyob rau hauv lub suab, lub suab ob peb ua ke nepolnoglasnymi (hluas - qub, kub - kub, lub nroog - lawg Puam - Breg, crows - Vrana, lub thib ob lo lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv officers suab archaic). Cov lus no yog hu ua obsolete phonetic archaisms. Cov no muaj xws nqe lus xws li klob (qws nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub vocabulary) yog suav (xov tooj), Stora (ntaub), goshpital (tsev kho mob) thiab lwm yam outdated lus thiab cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, uas muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv sau ntawv thiab paj huam los ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Los ntawm lawv cov "rivals", lawv feem ntau txawv nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib qho suab, yam tsawg kawg - ib tug ob peb ntawm lawv yog cov tam sim no obsolete los yog sis.

Raws li koj tau pom los ntawm cov piv txwv, disused paub cov ntsiab lus yog txawv degree ntawm nws archaic: ib co lus tseem siv nyob rau hauv tus hais lus, xws li paj huam, thiab lwm tus neeg paub rau peb tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm yav dhau los xyoo pua. Muaj cov neeg niaj hnub no yog leej twg tsis nco qab lawm.

Ib tug heev nthuav phenomenon - lub archaism ntawm tej lub ntsiab ntawm cov lo lus.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm nws yog ib lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntsiab lus, los yog semantic, archaisms, piv txwv li lo lus uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug obsolete, txawv txawv rau peb. Lawv paub pab kom to taub qhov tseeb lus ntawm classical ntaub ntawv.

Yuav ua li cas yog neologisms

Peb twb teb rau lo lus nug hais txog dab tsi neologisms, piv txwv uas tau raug nplua los ntawm peb saum toj no. Tam sim no peb paub yuav ua li cas lawv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Ua li cas los sai sai: archaisms thiab neologisms? Wb fim nws.

Tus nqi ntawm cov tsos ntawm xws varied khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov lo lus, dhau caij nyoog lo lus thiab neologisms, piv txwv uas yog npaj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Ntau npaum li cas mob siab heev thiab sai tus txheej txheem ntawm replenishment ntawm cov lus tshiab lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, kwv yees li 15-20 xyoo, muaj tau zoo hloov nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws, uas yog reflected ncaj qha rau lub xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Los ntawm neologisms uas nyob ntawm lub sij hawm no, xws li tej kev kawm ntawv, uas tsis muaj nyob ua ntej, tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov zajlus lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm qhov chaw ntawm nws siv (hwv thiab kev dialects, tej yeej). Tsuas yog nrog cov restructuring nyob rau hauv cov lus muaj nqe lus xws li Agrobank (ie av bank), corporatization (transformation mus rau hauv ob leeg-Tshuag tuam txhab ntawm lub xeev qhauj los ntawm cov muab thiab muag khoom ntawm ntau yam stocks), chaw nyob (nyob rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg), antirynochnik (ie kev hloov tus nrog sib ntaus mus rau ib tug ua lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag), raws li zoo raws li hyperinflation (nce nqi, ib tug loj hlob sai thiab hem economic cev qhuav dej) thiab ib co lwm tus neeg.

hom neologisms

Raws li koj tau pom, obsolete lus piv nrog neologisms. Lus tshiab units nyob rau hauv nws cov formedness yog tog twg los ib cov lus (lesseeship, anti-Stalinism, audiotape, ATM, neeg loj leeb) los yog compound npe (UFO - UFO, txom nyem txoj kab - ib tug tej theem ntawm welfare ntawm cov pejxeem, muab ib tug tsawg heev npaum li cas ntawm kev noj ntawm yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom).

Tej neologisms pom tau hais tias yuav lexical. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau no ntawm kab lus hais tias yog tshiab khiv tawm sustainable ua ke ntawm cov lo lus, piv txwv li: los pab kom cov printing xovxwm (uas yog, pib lub ntxiv printing ntawv nyiaj, uas yog tsis yog muab los ntawm zus tau tej cov khoom), dai mij rau hauv pob ntseg (lub ntsiab lus "mus ua kom paub ib tug neeg mus rau hauv kev ua yuam kev" ) thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lexical thiab phraseological neologisms yog idioms, compound cov nqe lus thiab cov lus.

Plaub pawg ntawm neologisms

Raws li koj tau pom, lub zog ntawm obsolete lus thiab neologisms yog cov sib txawv. Nyob rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj peb twb hais. Tag nrho cov lus tshiab rau lub hom phiaj yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv plaub lub ntsiab pawg.

Tus thawj ntawm cov muaj xws li lub npe ntawm cov tswv yim thiab tseeb, uas ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg tsis nyob ua ib ke: revivalists - cov followers ntawm Lavxias teb sab pseudo-patriotic taw, nrhiav mus rau revive nws qhov nyiaj pab - tej yam nyiaj pab, cov sawv cev ib daim ntawv ntxiv nyiaj txiag rau kev tshawb fawb thiab lwm tus neeg.

Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg ntawm neologisms tsim los qhia txog phenomena twb noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej, tab sis tsis tau txais rau tej vim li cas, xws li ideological, lawv designations: vozvraschenets - yeem rov qab los ntawm exile rau lawv teb chaws, uas tsis yog-kev hais plaub ntug - uas yog nyob sab nraum lub sib hais plaub ntug, Lenin, hais kom ua-bureaucratic et al.

Qhov thib peb pab pawg neeg muaj taw tes rau cov kev muaj tiag, nyob rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag tsis muaj nyob, tab sis tau nyob rau hauv lub u npaj nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm technology thiab science: spaceship, nuclear lub caij ntuj no, ib tug cyborg.

Qhov thib plaub thiab lub xeem pab pawg neeg uas muaj lexical khoom, theej tawm lus nrog ib tug tej lexical lub ntsiab lus. Cov no muaj xws ideographic (full) txhais, zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab stylistic nqi: txawj xav - qhov hnyav, statist - statists, keeb kwm - fateful, yuav luag slavish subservience - affirmatively.

Mezhstilevaya thiab peculiar rau ib yam style ntawm kev hais lus, neologisms

Neologisms rau siv nyob rau hauv lub teb mas mezhstilevaya, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yeej ntawm kev hais lus (Intergirl, duab, cov ntaub ntawv, yogurt, zam, mas-kev ywj pheej, tshuaj trafficking, inter-bank). Txawm li cas los, ib tug tej yam feem ntawm lawv peculiar kev style: publicistic (hloov, rollback, tshuaj tswv, integrator, tshuav nyiaj li cas), Scientific (biolokator aura, ozone qhov, radioecology, clone) ua lag ua luam (lub depositary ntuj monopoly) los yog hais (xero, av, cov nyiaj ntsuab, cheat, hmoov phem, strained).

Peb teb rau ib lo lus nug txog dab tsi yog obsolete lus thiab neologisms. Piv txwv ntawm cov no yuav ua nyob rau hauv sib txawv heev, nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm tau teev tseg tsuas yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov neeg thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev rau ib tug tseem ceeb lub cev lus. Muaj txawm tshwj xeeb dictionaries, koj yuav nrhiav tau lwm cov piv txwv ntawm obsolete lus thiab neologisms.