Dynamite - yog lub invention Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - ib tug tshwj xeeb heev sib tov, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv nitroglycerine. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias qhov no tshuaj yog tsis tshua muaj txaus ntshai raws li nws yog. Thaum impregnation ntawm khoom absorbents nitroglycerin ua rau nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg rau cov cia thiab siv, yooj yim rau siv. Dynamite tej zaum kuj yuav muaj lwm yam tshuaj. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub tsim loj muaj ib tug cylindrical zoo thiab yog fej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv los yog yas.

Tus invention ntawm cov nplaum dynamite

Ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim rau lub invention ntawm cov nplaum dynamite yog lub foundations ntawm nitroglycerin. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1846. Nws los ua ib tug tho kev ntawm Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero. Rau haib explosives tam sim ntawd pib ua factories ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog qhib nyob rau hauv Russia. Domestic chemists Zinin thiab Petrushevsky tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug txoj kev yuav ua li cas siv nws yam xyuam xim. Ib tug ntawm lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm cia li Alfred Nobel.

Nyob rau hauv 1863 Nobel qhib ib detonator hau, uas zoo heev piv ua daim ntawv thov ntawm nitroglycerin. Nws muaj kev tswj kom ua tau qhov no los ntawm qhov ua kom ntawm ib tug heev nrog kev pab los ntawm mercury fulminate. Muaj coob tus neeg niaj hnub no ntseeg tias qhov no foundations Nobel tseem ceeb tshaj lub foundations ntawm cov nplaum dynamite.

Cov nplaum dynamite nws tus kheej Swedish chemist patented nyob rau hauv 1867. Kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem tiam nws yog siv raws li ib tug thawj heev tom hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub roob thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv cov tub rog teb.

Dynamite tshoob mus nyab lub ntiaj chaw

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm siv cov nplaum dynamite rau cov tub rog lub hom phiaj tau muab nws tus kheej Nobel nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum nws thiab patented. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm lub tswv yim mas suav hais tias ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab txaus ntshai.

Nyob rau hauv lub muaj-scale siv thiab ua cov nplaum dynamite tau pib txij li thaum 1869. Ib qho ntawm thawj nws siv Lavxias teb sab industrialists. Twb tau nyob rau 1871 nws tau siv nyob rau hauv lub extraction ntawm thee thiab zinc ore.

zus tau tej cov nplaum dynamite tagnrho loj hlob exponentially. Yog hais tias 11 tons tau ua nyob rau hauv 1867, ces tom qab 5 xyoo - 1570 tons, thiab los ntawm 1875 nws ua mus txog 8000 tons.

Yuav ua li cas dynamite - nws yog ib tug zoo riam phom, cov thawj kom to taub lub Germans. Lawv pib tshuab castles thiab cov txuas hniav, kev tshoov siab nws siv Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv 1871, qhov no heev nyob rau hauv lub engineering pab tub rog ntawm lub Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub dynamite?

Sai li sai tau raws li lub industrialists thiab cov tub rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kawm tau hais tias ib feem ntawm lub dynamite, lawv tam sim ntawd tsim nws lawm. Mus rau ua nws hnub no. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug cartridges uas mus txog 200 grams, uas yuav siv tau tsis pub dhau rau lub hlis. Muaj High-ntawv pov thawj thiab tsis muaj kev txaus siab teeb meem.

Muab hais tias tus yeees ntawm cov nplaum dynamite los ntawm ntau manufacturers yog sib txawv dog dig, nws lub ntsiab Cheebtsam, ntawm chav kawm, nyob twj ywm unchanged.

Chief ntawm lawv - nitrosmes. Nws pib yuav tsum tau siv los txhim kho lub te kuj. Nws muaj nitroglycerin thiab dinitrogikolya. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv uas yog nyob rau 40% los ntawm ceeb thawj. Cov nram qab no Cheebtsam ntawm volume - ammonium nitrate (30%), yuav luag 20% twb siv nyob rau hauv sodium nitrate. Qhov seem Cheebtsam yog siv rau ib tug npaum li cas tsawg degree - yog nitrocellulose, ntoo hmoov, balsa thiab talc.

Dynamite nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub criminals

Ntawm cov thawj to taub dab tsi lub dynamite, kev ua txhaum ntawm tag nrho cov hom, thiab neeg ua phem cov koom haum. Ib qho ntawm thawj kev txhaum nrog rau kev siv ntawm no heev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub US nyob rau hauv 1875. American neeg tsav nkoj William Kong Thomassen sim undermine muab nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv txog ntsha "Moselle" kom tau kev tuav pov hwm. Txawm li cas los, ib chim ntawm qhob dynamite pob tawg lawm rov qab nyob rau hauv chaw nres nkoj thaum lub sij hawm loading. Cov xwm txheej no thov lub neej ntawm 80 cov neeg.

Txawm li cas los, cov thawj tsis ua hauj lwm tsis tau nres cov thawj coj ntawm lub txim txhaum ntiaj teb no thiab cov neeg phem. Los ntawm 1883 mus 1885 mej zeej ntawm lub extremist lub koom haum, advocated qhov kev sib cais ntawm Ireland los ntawm Britain, staged ib tug series ntawm explosions nrog cov nplaum dynamite. Nrog ib tug tawg ntawm lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub British tub ceev xwm thiab Scotland Yard los mus rau undermine London choj.

Siv no tshuaj thiab neeg tua hluav taws tiv thaiv autocracy nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov neeg sab nrauv "Narodnaya Volya". Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, loj qhov ntau ntawm cov nplaum dynamite siv anarchists.

dynamite chaw ntog

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, feem ntau ntawm cov manufacturers ntseeg tias cov nplaum dynamite - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv tsuas ua hauj lwm thiab tus foundations ntawm tshiab mineral deposits. Mas sib txeeb nitrate kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab XX caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws - mus txog rau lub nruab nrab-80s. Piv txwv li, ib tug dynamite enjoyed zoo chaw nyob rau hauv South Africa. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub kub mines. Nws yog los ze zog mus rau lub 90 th xyoo nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm luam koom haum rov kho feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau kev ruaj ntseg explosives raws li ammonium nitrate.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub dynamite thiab loj ua tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov yog trudnozamerzayuschy muaj pes tsawg leeg. explosives los ntawm domestic kev lag luam xwb 60.

Rau ntau lub teb chaws, lub dynamite - nws yog pheej yig thiab legkoproizvodimoe heev. Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs ntawd kub ntev li rau ze li ntawm 100 xyoo. Rau hnub tim, lub dynamite yuav siv sij hawm tsis ntau tshaj li 2% ntawm tag nrho cov turnover ntawm tag nrho cov heev tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.