East Prussian lag luam (1945). Strategic offensive khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog

Nyob rau pem hauv ntej loj-scale offensive ntawm lub Soviet Union nws twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no 1945. Pab tub rog ntaus haib blows nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Hais kom nqa Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Alexander Vasilevsky, thiab Ivan Bagramyan thiab Vladimir Tributs. Ua ntej lawv cov tub rog yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tswv yim zoo thiab xaiv yaam hom phiaj.

Lub ib hlis ntuj 13 pib lub npe nrov East-Prussian lag luam nyob rau hauv 1945. Lub hom phiaj yog yooj yim - mus zuaj thiab ua puas lub seem German pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv East Prussia thiab sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm teb chaws Poland, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav qhib txoj kev rau Berlin. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub ua hauj lwm twb tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lub tshem tawm ntawm lub remnants ntawm kuj. Niaj hnub no, nws yog lam xav hais tias cov Germans twb yuav luag yeej. Qhov no yog tsis yog li ntawd.

Tseem ceeb mus nkag tau rau lub lag luam

Ua ntej, East Prussia yog ib tug haib kab kws muaj txuj ci, uas heev ntse peev rau fend rau ntau lub hlis, muab lub Germans lub sij hawm rau licking cov qhov txhab. Ob, cov senior German tub ceev xwm yuav siv tej respite rau lub cev tshem tawm ntawm Hitler thiab pib ntawm kev sib khom lus rau ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog peb "phoojywg" (muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov pov thawj los ntawm tej kev pab them nqi). Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob tog twg los ntawm cov scenarios. Nrog tus yeeb ncuab yuav tsum sai sai thiab txiav txim siab kawg.

nta ntawm lub cheeb tsam

Tus heev sab hnub tuaj extremity ntawm Prussia yog ib tug heev txaus ntshai cheeb tsam, uas tau tsim ib tug network ntawm txoj kev thiab ntau airfields uas tso cai rau koj sai sai hloov nws los ntawm ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog thiab hnyav riam phom. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog zoo li qhov nws tus kheej los ua mus dhau tiv thaiv. Muaj ntau ntau cov pas dej, dej ntws thiab bogs, uas ua rau nws nyuaj heev offensive thiab yuam tus yeeb ncuab ua raws li tau kho thiab ntxiv dag zog rau "txoj cai huv nam".

Tej zaum qhov offensive khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub Red Army tawm ntawm lub Soviet Union tau tsis yog li ntawd nyuab. Puas tau txij lub hnub ntawm lub Teutonic Order nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog tag nrho ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus lug, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov uas twb haib heev. Tam sim ntawd tom qab 1943, thaum ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1941-1945 twb kov yeej, ntawm Kursk, lub Germans rau thawj lub sij hawm muaj tej qhov tseem swb. Nyob rau kev ua hauj lwm kom ntxiv dag zog cov kab nws, nws tau muab tawm rau tag nrho cov muaj peev xwm-bodied cov pej xeem thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug txim. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub Nazis npaj hwjchim ci ntsa iab.

Tsis ua hauj lwm - ib tug harbinger ntawm yeej

Feem ntau, lub caij ntuj no offensive yog tsis yog thawj zaug, los yog tus thawj thiab heev East-Prussian lag luam. 1945 tsuas mus ntxiv dab tsi twb pib rog nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1944, thaum lub Soviet troops twb tau tsiv mus nyob rau lub fortified cheeb tsam ntawm txog ib puas kilometers. Vim hais tias ntawm cov muaj zog German kuj ua tsis tau tejyam kom dhau rau.

Txawm li cas los, cov tsis ua hauj lwm yog suav tias yog tsis yooj yim. Firstly, ib tug txhim khu kev qha puag yog tsim los pab. Secondly, cov tub rog commanders thiab tau invaluable kawm txawj thiab muaj peev xwm nyob rau xav tias ib co weaknesses ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov tseeb hais tias pib capturing tus German pawg neeg thaj av ua hauj lwm rau lub Nazis heev depressing (tab sis yog tsis ib txwm).

Cov rog ntawm lub Wehrmacht

Kws muaj txuj ci muaj Army Group "Center", nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm Georg Reinhardt. Nyob rau caj npab yog: tag nrho cov peb Panzer Army Erhard Raus, tebchaw Fridriha Hossbaha, thiab Valtera Vaysa.

Peb pab tub rog tam sim ntawd confronted 41 Division, raws li zoo raws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog recruited los ntawm feem coob ntawm tus tiv thaiv muaj peev xwm ua ntawm lub zos Volkssturm. Tag nrho cov Germans muaj tsawg kawg yog 580.000 tub rog cov neeg ua, zoo li hais txog 200 txhiab folksshturmovtsev. Los ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus kab Nazis rub 700 tso tsheb hlau luam thiab nws tus kheej-propelled phom, ntau tshaj li 500 tauj aircraft thiab txog 8.5 txhiab. Tej daim ntawm artillery thiab loj caliber mortars.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1941-1945. Kuv paub ntau ntxiv tauj-npaj German sib txuas, tab sis lub cheeb tsam yog yooj yim heev rau tus tiv thaiv, tiam sis vim xws li ib tug quab yuam yog txaus.

Lub German hais kom txiav txim siab tias peb yuav tsum tuav lub cheeb tsam, hais txog ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm losses. Nws twb heev tsis txhaum, vim hais tias Prussia yog ib tug zoo meej springboard rau ntxiv ua ntej ntawm lub Soviet pab tub rog. On qhov tsis tooj, yog hais tias tus Germans tswj kom Repulse lub yav tas los yog tej qhov chaw, nws yuav cia lawv mus sim counterattack. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov kev pab ntawm cheeb tsam no yuav tso cai rau mus sim haum kev txom nyeem hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov rog nyob rau hauv nws pov tseg, lub Soviet hais kom ua uas npaj East-Prussian lag luam nyob rau hauv 1945?

rog ntawm lub USSR

Txawm li cas los, cov tub rog historians ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws ntseeg tau hais tias battered nyob rau hauv lub battles lub Nazis twb tsis muaj sij hawm. Soviet thawj coj tub rog tag nrho coj mus rau hauv tus account tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj ua phem, uas twb tau mus kawm los ntawm tsuas yog ib qho kev quab yuam ntawm lub Peb Byelorussian Pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tau txiav txim siab los siv lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug tag nrho Panzer Army, tsib tank corps, ob cua armies, uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntxiv dag zog rau 2 Belorussian Pem hauv ntej.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub offensive yog los pab txhawb cov aircraft ntawm Thawj Baltic Pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub lag luam ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm ib lab cov neeg raug ua hauj lwm, ntau tshaj 20,000 phom thiab loj-caliber mortars, hais txog plaub txhiab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab nws tus kheej-propelled phom, raws li zoo raws li tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li peb txhiab aircraft. Yog hais tias koj nco ntsoov tus txheej xwm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, tus quab yuam nyob rau hauv East Prussia, yuav tsum ua ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Yog li, peb pab tub rog (tsis suav cov tub rog) rog outnumbered lub Germans peb lub sij hawm tshaj rau cov neeg ntawm artillery nyob rau hauv 2,5 lub sij hawm, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab aircraft - yuav luag 4.5 lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txhob kom zoo dua yog txawm ntau overwhelming. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Soviet cov tub rog tau raug rho tawm haujlwm, cov tub rog tau haib EC-2 tso tsheb hlau luam, ACS ISU-152/122/100 thiab thiaj li muaj yog tsis muaj tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv yeej. Txawm li cas los, raws li nyob rau hauv lub siab losses, raws li cov ibyam ntawm lub Wehrmacht rau ntawm qhov chaw uas xa natives ntawm Prussia, uas tiv thaiv desperately kom kawg.

Lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm lub lag luam

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub East Prussian lag luam los ntawm 1945? Lub ib hlis ntuj 13 launched rau offensive, uas yog kev txhawb los ntawm huab cua tsoo thiab tank. Lwm yam troops txhawb cov nres. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias pib twb tsis yog tus feem ntau inspiring, ceev zoo tsis tshwm sim.

Ua ntej, lub hnub "D" nyob rau hauv pub leejtwg mus rau txuag tsis tau tejyam. Lub Germans muaj kev tswj kom tau pre-emptive txiav txim los rub rau lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub txhob lub siab tshaj plaws tau xov tooj ntawm pab tub rog. Ob, nws summed li cov huab cua, uas yog tsis conducive mus rau lub siv ntawm huab cua thiab artillery. Rokossovsky tom qab recalled hais tias cov huab cua ntsia zoo li ib tug khoom daim ntub huab, interspersed nrog tuab daus. Aircraft tsawg feempua sibtsoo ua yog cov tsuas point: tag nrho cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub advancing troops ua tsis tau tejyam. Txawm bombers tag nrho ib hnub zaum nyob ib ncig ntawm, raws li nws yog yooj yim sua kom tawm tus yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm.

Tej yam zoo li ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II twb tsis yooj yim dua. Lawv feem ntau tsoo elaborate neeg ua hauj lwm tswj thiab tau cog lus tseg ntxiv losses.

"General Pos huab"

Gunners muaj kuj sadly: visibility yog li ntawd ua rau lub haum ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog tsis tau, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau tua tsuas yog nyob rau taw tes-dawb paug ntau yam ntawm 150-200 meters. Cov huab yog li ntawd tuab tias nyob rau hauv no "mess" poob txawm lub suab ntawm explosions, thiab tsuas yog ntaus lub hom phaj ntawm tag nrho cov yuav tsum tau pom.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tag nrho cov no muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau pace ntawm lub offensive. German infantry rau lub thib ob thiab thib peb kab kws muaj txuj ci tsis tau raug kev txom nyem loj heev losses thiab txuas ntxiv mus furiously snapping hluav taws. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, uas tau pib muaj ib tug tsiv melee, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub rau tus yeeb ncuab ib counteroffensive. Muaj ntau settlements ib hnub twg los ntawm kaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes. Tsis tshua muaj neeg phem huab cua yog ib tug ob peb hnub, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub Soviet infantry txuas ntxiv mus rau methodically ua txhaum lub German defenses.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub Soviet offensive nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no twb yus muaj los ntawm ib tug meej artillery kev npaj thiab lub thoob plaws siv ntawm aircraft thiab armored tsheb. Tus txheej xwm ntawm cov hnub nyob rau hauv tshav kub nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev ua tsis tau zoo rau lub battles ntawm 1942-1943., Thaum lub Brunt ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua coj tawm rau nws tus kheej ib tug yooj yim infantry.

Soviet pab tub rog ua ntse: Lub ib hlis ntuj 18, Chernyakhovsky troops yuav ua txhaum los ntawm tus tiv thaiv thiab tsim tau ib txoj kev hauv tsev dav ntawm 65 kilometers, kuv tau mus sib sib zog nqus rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab txaus cia li 40 kis lus mev. By lub sij hawm no cov huab cua tau stabilized, thiab yog li ntawd ua nyob rau hauv ib tug txhob gushing hnyav armored tsheb, backed los ntawm huab cua nres aircraft thiab neeg tua hluav taws. Yog li pib ib tug loj-scale offensive ntawm lub (Soviet).

phiaj kev vam meej

Lub ib hlis ntuj 19 twb npaum li cas Tilsit. Qhov no muaj ib tug dagger hluav taws quab yuam cov Neman. Ua ntej yuav ib hlis ntuj 22 twb tag sim instersburgskaya pab pawg neeg. Dua li no, lub Germans tsis kam fiercely sib ntaus sib tua tau protracted. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib co le caag los Gumbinnen peb cov tub rog repelled tam sim ntawd kaum loj heev counterattacks. Peb pab, thiab hauv lub nroog poob. Twb ib hlis ntuj 22 tswj kom Insterburg.

Cov tom ntej no ob hnub coj tau zoo: tsis tau ua txhaum los ntawm lub defenses Heylsbergskogo cheeb tsam. Los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 26, peb pab tub rog mus kev rau lub sab qaum teb ntxeev ntawm Konigsberg. Tab sis tus quab yuam ntawm Koenigsberg ces ua tsis tau tejyam vim hais tias ob qho tag nrho lub nroog zaum muaj zog garrison ntawm Germans thiab tsib ntawm lawv kuj tshiab pawg.

Cov thawj theem ntawm lub hardest nres twb ntse ua kom tiav. Txawm li cas los, kev vam meej tau yog ib nrab, vim hais tias puag khawm thiab txov ob armored corps ntawm peb pab tub rog tsis tau tejyam: tus yeeb ncuab armored tsheb tsiv npaj ua defenses.

civilians

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm civil no peb cov tub rog tsis tau raws li. Lub Germans sai sai khiav raws li cov seem tshaj tawm hais tias traitors thiab feem ntau tua los ntawm nws tus kheej. Cov khiav tawm tau lub koom haum, phem hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv lub tso tseg lub tsev nyob. Peb cov qub tub rog rov qab hais tias East Prussia nyob rau hauv 1945 yog ntau zoo li ib tug tu noob suab puam: lawv yuav tsum tau so siab txhais tsev, qhov chaw uas lub qhov rooj yog tseem tais diav thiab zaub mov, tab sis lub Germans lawv tus kheej twb ploj mus.

Thaum kawg, cov taleas ntawm lub "qus thiab cov ntshav-qhis barbarians ntawm sab hnub tuaj" ua si nrog Goebbels phem dag, civilians nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ceeb tawm lawv tej vaj tse, uas tag thauj tag nrho cov kev tsheb nqaj hlau thiab txoj kev mus, nrog rau cov tshwm sim hais tias tus German lub troops pom lawv tus kheej constrained thiab yuav tsis sai sai hloov nws txoj hauj lwm.

txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub offensive

Los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 20 lub tub rog nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm Marshal Rokossovsky, tab tom npaj mus rau lub Vistula. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntawm lub twv tuaj qhov kev txiav txim los mus hloov lub vector nres, thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub ntsiab dag zog rau ib tug thaum ntxov finish tawm rau sab hnub tuaj Prussian yeeb ncuab. Pab tub rog yuav tsum tau tig rau sab qaum teb. Tab sis tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm lub tshuav cov pab pawg neeg ntawm pab tub rog ntse ntxuav tawm tus yeeb ncuab nroog.

Yog li ntawd, troopers twb tau mus ua txhaum mus rau hauv lub Oslikovskogo Allenstein thiab tag routed tus yeeb ncuab garrison. Lub ib hlis ntuj 22, lub nroog poob, thiab tag nrho cov fortified chaw nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tau raug puas tsuaj. Tam sim ntawd tom qab ntawd, tus loj German pawg tau raug teeb meem nrog encirclement, thiab yog li ntawd pib nrawm nroos Retreat. Txawm li cas los, lawv tawm tau mus nyob ib qwj pace, raws li tag nrho cov kev raug sim los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog. Vim li no, lub Germans raug kev txom nyem hnyav losses, thiab massively coj raws li hostages. Los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 26 Soviet armored kiag sim Elbing.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus pab tub rog tsoo mus txog rau lub heev Fedyuninskogo Elbing, thiab mus txog rau lub le caag rau Marienburg, ntxiv decisive muab capturing loj bridgehead rau lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Vistula. Nyob rau lub ib hlis ntuj 26, tom qab ib tug haib artillery strike, Marienburg poob.

Flanking detachments ntawm pab tub rog raws li ntse tiv nrog kev pab raws qib uas muab rau lawv. Koog tsev kawm ntawv Masurian marshes sai sai kov yeej, tau mus rau tus ntoo khaub lig lub Vistula, ces tus 70th Army nyob Lub ib hlis ntuj 23 nyob rau saum nyob rau hauv Bydgoszcz, Torun ib txhij sim.

German-ntuav

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tub rog "Center" twb tau kiag li txiav tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab poob vim lub German chaw uas zoo heev. Hitler yog furious, thiab ces hloov lub commander ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Taw mus rau qhov no ncej Lothar Rendulic. Tsis ntev, tib txoj hmoo befell lub commander ntawm lub Plaub Army Hossbach, uas twb hloov mus rau Mueller.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus ua txhaum lub siege thiab restore khoom siv overland, lub Germans tau tsa ib counter-offensive nyob rau hauv Heylsberga cheeb tsam, ua kom tau nyob rau hauv Marienburg. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub lag luam no muab kev koom tes cia li yim sib cais, ib tug ntawm uas yog ib tug tank. Lawv ua tau zoo nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 27 mus nias ntau lub dag lub zog ntawm peb cov 48th Army. Kuv ntaus li ib tug tawv ncauj sib ntaus sib tua, uas ntawd kub ntev li plaub hnub nyob rau hauv ib tug uake. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tus yeeb ncuab yog tau mus ua txhaum mus rau hauv lub 50 kilometers mus rau hauv peb tej hauj lwm. Tab sis, ces tuaj lub Marshal Rokossovsky: tom qab ib tug loj heev strike cov Germans tsoo thiab poob rov qab mus rau lawv yav tas los tsis txaus.

Thaum kawg Baltic Pem hauv ntej rau Lub ib hlis ntuj 28 kiag coj Klaipeda, Lithuania thaum kawg freed los ntawm Nazi pab tub rog.

Main tau ntawm lub offensive

Los ntawm kawg ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj, feem ntau ntawm cov Samland ceg av qab teb twb siab nyob, ua nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej Kaliningrad yog nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog. Peb twb kiag surrounded los ntawm cov tawg khiav ri niab rau lub thib peb thiab thib plaub pab tub rog, uas tau ibtxhi. Lawv tau mus tua ib txhij rau ob peb fronts, tag nrho cov rog tiv thaiv lub xeem strongholds ntawm lub ntug dej hiav txwv, los ntawm kev uas lub German hais kom tseem sov ua licas coj mus yuav khoom siv thiab khiav tawm.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm qhov seem uas rog heev nyuab los ntawm lub fact tias tag nrho cov ntawm cov Wehrmacht armies pawg tau tam sim ntawd dissected rau hauv peb qhov chaw. Nyob rau Samland ceg av qab teb, yog cov seem ntawm cov plaub sib cais nyob rau hauv Königsberg zaum haib garrison thiab ib qho ntxiv tsib pawg. Tsawg kawg yog tsib ze li ntawm wrecked kev sib cais nyob rau hauv lub kab Brownsburg-Heylsberg, thiab lawv tau nias mus rau lub hiav txwv thiab cov tseem yuav nres tau tsis. Txawm li cas los, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi poob thiab lawv thiaj li tsis mus muab lawv.

Long-term kev pab them nqi ntawm cov yeeb ncuab

Nws yog tsis tsim nyog yuav tau xav txog lawv loyal fanatics Hitler: lawv muaj ib lub hom phiaj uas muab rau tus tiv thaiv ntawm Konigsberg thiab ces rub mus txog rau lub nroog ntawm tag nrho cov tseem muaj sia nyob qhov chaw. Yog hais tias muaj kev vam meej, lawv yuav tsum tau rov qab kho cov av twb kev txuas los ntawm Königsberg, Brandenburg. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub sib ntaus sib tua yog deb ntawm dua, nkees Soviet cov tub rog yuav tsum tau ib tug respite thiab replenishment. Raws li ntawm lawv frazzled nyob rau hauv tsiv battles qhia tau hais tias tsawg kawg yog qhov tseeb hais tias qhov kawg quab yuam ntawm Konigsberg tsis tau pib kom txog thaum lub Plaub Hlis 8-9.

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm peb cov tub rog twb nqa tawm: lawv twb tau mus ua txhaum lub haib chaw ntawm tus yeeb ncuab pab pawg neeg. Tag nrho cov haib German defenses twb tawg thiab yuav Königsberg yog nyob rau hauv siege nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb tsis muaj kev thauj mus los ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov zaub mov, thiab tej seem Nazi troops nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tau kiag li cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab xav hnav tawm nyob rau hauv battles. Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm East Prussia, nrog nws muaj zog kab kws muaj txuj ci twb ntes. Nrog txoj kev, rau cov tub rog ntawm lub Soviet Army dim lub chaw ntawm sab qaum teb hauv teb chaws Poland.

Lwm yam hauj lwm los mus tshem tawm cov remnants ntawm lub Nazis muab tso rau hauv pab tub rog ntawm lub Peb Byelorussian thiab Thawj Baltic fronts. Nco ntsoov tias 2 Belarus pem hauv ntej teem rau Pomeranian kev taw qhia. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum lub sij hawm lub offensive ntawm cov rog ntawm Zhukov thiab Rokossovsky tsim ib tug kis, uas yuav ntaus los ntawm sab hnub tuaj Pomerania. Thiab vim hais tias tag nrho cov tom ntej kev tau raws kev coj kom sib koom sib koom ntaus.