Electrolytes: piv txwv. Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm electrolytes. Muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes

Electrolytes yog cov tshuaj lub npe hu txij ancient sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev lawv daim ntawv thov, lawv yeej ntev los no. Peb yuav sib tham txog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab peb yuav tsum to taub hais tias yav dhau los yog tam sim no, thiab txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Tab sis peb yuav pib nrog ib tug digression rau hauv keeb kwm.

zaj dabneeg

Tus hiob paub electrolytes - ntsev thiab acids yog qhib txawm nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv thiab cov thaj chaw ntawm electrolytes tau hloov zuj zuj lub sij hawm. Ziag no dab tau hloov zuj zuj txij li thaum 1880, thaum nws tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries, theories txog rau lub zog ntawm cov ntsha. Muaj ob peb quantum leaps nyob rau hauv theories txog cov mechanisms kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov electrolytes nrog dej (nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb xwb nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lawv kis tau cov thaj chaw uas ua rau lawv siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam).

Tam sim no peb yuav pom raws nraim yog ob peb theories uas tau muaj tus loj tshaj feem nyob rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tswv yim ntawm kev electrolytes thiab lawv lub zog. Cia peb pib nrog rau feem ntau heev thiab yooj yim txoj kev xav, hais tias txhua tus ntawm peb coj nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv.

Arrhenius kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation

Nyob rau hauv 1887 lub Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius thiab Lavxias teb sab-German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation. Txawm li cas los, ntawm no, dhau lawm, nws tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim. Arrhenius nws tus kheej yog supporter thiaj li hu ua lub cev kev tshawb xav ntawm kev daws teeb meem uas tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account lub sis ntawm Cheebtsam ntawm lub substance nrog dej thiab thov hais tias muaj free them hais (ions) nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Los ntawm txoj kev, los ntawm tej txoj haujlwm hnub no yog xaiv cov electrolytic dissociation ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Peb tham tag nrho cov tib tau hais tias yuav ua rau qhov kev tshawb xav thiab yuav ua li cas nws piav txog cov mechanism ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm tshuaj nrog dej. Raws li nrog rau lwm yam hauj lwm, nws muaj ob peb postulates tias nws yuav siv:

1. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej uas muaj cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw disintegrates rau hauv ions (zoo - thiab tsis zoo ntawv - anion). Cov hais yog raug rau co lawv nyiam dej lwg me me uas, incidentally, yog them nyob rau hauv ib tes zoo thiab nyob rau lwm yam - tsis zoo (dipole tsim) rau daim ntawv nyob hauv aqua ceg (solvates).

2. Cov dissociation txheej txheem yog reversible - i.e. yog hais tias tus yam khoom uas yog phua rau hauv ions, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej qhov zoo tshaj, tej zaum nws yuav rov los ua ib tug qhov chaw.

3. Yog hais tias cov connect electrodes rau cov tshuaj thiab cia rau tam sim no, lub cations yuav pib tsiv mus nyob rau qhov tsis zoo electrode - lub cathode thiab anions mus rau lub zoo them - anode. Uas yog vim li cas cov tshuaj yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv dej, kev hluav taws xob zoo tshaj dej nws tus kheej. Tib yam vim li lawv yog hu ua electrolytes.

4. Lub degree ntawm dissociation ntawm ntsha characterizes feem pua tshuaj raug nyias mus nyias. Qhov no tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub kuab thiab lub zog ntawm cov solute, lub concentration ntawm lub yav tas thiab cov sab nraud kub.

Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, thiab tag nrho cov yooj yim tenets ntawm no yooj yim kev tshawb xav. Lawv peb yuav siv nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm rau ib tug piav qhia txog dab tsi yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntsha tov. Piv txwv ntawm cov tebchaw Cia peb kawm ib me ntsis tom qab, thiab tam sim no cia peb xav txog lwm cov kev tshawb xav.

Ziag acids thiab Lewis bases

Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation, acid - ib yam khoom uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug tov uas nws hydrogen ntawv thiab hauv paus - compound decomposes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau ib tug hydroxide anion. Yog lwm lub hom phiaj, muaj npe tom qab tus naas ej chemist Gilbert Lewis. Nws tso cai rau koj mus cuag lub tswvyim ntawm ob peb acids thiab bases. Raws li cov Lewis kev tshawb xav, lub acid - yog lub ions los yog molecules ntawm tshuaj uas muaj free electron orbitals thiab yog tau txais ib qho electron los ntawm lwm molecule. Ib qho yooj yim mus twv hais tias cov kev bases yuav yog cov hais uas muaj peev xwm muab ib tug los yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov electrons rau "siv" acid. Nws yog nthuav no yog tias acid los yog puag tej zaum yuav tsis tau tsuas yog cov ntsha tab sis kuj tej yam khoom uas txawm insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Protolytic kev tshawb xav Brendsteda Lowry

Nyob rau hauv 1923, nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam, ob zaum - J. thiab T. Lowry Bronsted -predlozhili kev tshawb xav, uas yog tam sim no khwb khuav siv los zaum rau piav qhia txog lub tshuaj dab. Lub essence ntawm no ziag no yog hais tias lub dissociation ntawm lub ntsiab lus los mus ua ib tug proton hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub acid puag. Yog li, lub caij nyoog kawg no yog to taub no raws li ib tug proton acceptor. Ces tus acid yog lawv pub. Qhov kev tshawb xav kuj piav txog cov hav zoov zoo tshuaj uas muaj zog thiab acids thiab bases. Tej tebchaw hu ua amphoteric. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav Bronsted-Lowry rau lawv lub sij hawm kuj siv ampholytes, whereas acid los yog puag feem ntau hu ua protoliths.

Peb tau tuaj mus rau lub tom ntej no seem. Ntawm no yog peb mam li qhia koj dab tsi txawv zog thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes, thiab sib tham txog tej yam ntawm lwm yam nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog. Thiab ces yuav npaj mus rau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lawv ua daim ntawv thov.

Muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes

Txhua yam khoom uas reacts nrog dej nyob ib leeg. Ib txhia yaj nws zoo (xws li, sodium tshuaj dawb), thiab ib txhia tsis yaj (xws li, cwj mem av dawb). Yog li, tag nrho cov tshuaj uas muab faib mus rau hauv muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes. Cov yav tas yog yam uas INTERACTIONS tsis zoo nrog dej thiab tso nyob rau hauv qab ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv muaj ib tug heev tsawg degree ntawm dissociation thiab lub siab lub zog bonds, uas tso cai rau cov molecule los tawg ua me me mus rau hauv nws cov feem ions nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Dissociation tsis muaj zog electrolytes tshwm sim yog maj mam los yog los ntawm kev ua qhov kub thiab lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Tham txog ib tug muaj zog ntsha. Cov no muaj xws li tag nrho cov soluble ntsev, raws li zoo raws li muaj zog acids thiab alkalis. Lawv yog cov yooj yim mus ua txhaum mus rau hauv ions thiab yog heev yooj yim mus sau lawv nyob rau hauv dej nag. Tus tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntsha, incidentally, yog nqa tawm ua tsaug rau lub ions muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, qhov zoo tshaj plaws conductive muaj zog electrolytes. Piv txwv ntawm lub tom kawg: muaj zog acids, alkalis, soluble ntsev.

Yam rau tus cwj pwm ntawm electrolytes

Tam sim no saib yuav ua li cas qhov kev hloov muaj feem xyuam rau cov sab nraud puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj. Lub concentration ncaj qha muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm dissociation ntawm lub ntsha. Ntxiv mus, kev sib raug zoo muaj peev xwm yuav qhia ua lej. Cov kev cai lij choj uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo, hu ua txoj kev cai dilution ntawm Ostwald thiab yog sau raws li: a = (K / c) 1/2. Ntawm no, ib tug - yog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm dissociation (npaum li cas raws li ib feem), K - dissociation tsis tu ncua, sib txawv rau txhua yam khoom uas, thiab nrog - lub ntsha concentration hauv cov tshuaj. Raws li qhov no mis nyuj tov, koj muaj peev xwm kawm tau ntau yam txog teeb meem thiab cov cwj pwm nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Tab sis peb tau ncaim ntawm lub npe. Ntxiv concentration rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm dissociation ntawm ntsha kuj muaj feem xyuam rau qhov kub thiab txias. Rau feem ntau yam ua rau kom nws yuav tsub kom lub solubility thiab reactivity. Qhov no tej zaum yuav piav qhov tshwm sim ntawm tej yam tshua tsuas yog nyob rau txhawb kub. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lawv yog tog twg los heev maj mam, los yog nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qhia (qhov no yog hu ua reversible).

Peb tau soj ntsuam cov yam tseem ceeb uas txiav txim tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug system xws li ib tug ntsha tov. Tam sim no peb tsiv mus nyob rau lub tswv yim daim ntawv thov ntawm no, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, tseem ceeb heev tshuaj.

muaj daim ntawv thov

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, txhua leej txhua tus tau hnov lo lus "electrolyte" raws li tau thov mus rau lub roj teeb. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tsheb uas siv cov hmoov txhuas-acid roj teeb, cov ntsha nyob rau hauv uas ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug 40 feem pua sulfuric acid. Yuav kom to taub yog vim li cas muaj yog txhua yam koj xav tau yog ib yam khoom uas tsim nyog los nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub roj teeb.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yog lub ntsiab cai ntawm lub lag luam ntawm tej roj teeb? Nyob rau hauv lub reversible cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yuav siv sij hawm muab cov conversion ntawm ib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lwm, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas tus electrons yog tso tawm. Thaum cov roj teeb them nyiaj sis tshwm sim tshuaj, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Qhov no yuav ua sawv cev raws li tsub zuj zuj ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib yam tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum ntxub qhov rov qab transformation pib, kom txhob muaj cov system rau nws thawj zaug hauv lub xeev. Cov ob dab ua ke roos ib tug them nyiaj-paug voj voog.

Xav txog cov foregoing txheej txheem yog ib tug piv txwv - cov hlau lead-acid roj teeb. Raws li nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus twv, tam sim no qhov twg los muaj ib lub caij, muaj ib tug ua (diokisd lead thiab PbO ₂₎ thiab ib tug acid. Tej roj teeb muaj cov electrodes thiab qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lawv uas muaj cia li lub ntsha. Raws li yav tas, raws li peb tau pom, nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv siv sulfuric acid concentration ntawm 40 feem pua. Lub cathode ntawm lub roj teeb ua los ntawm cov hlau lead dioxide, lub anode yog ua los ntawm ntshiab lead. Tag nrho cov no yog vim hais tias cov ob tug sib txawv electrodes tshwm sim reversible tshua uas ions uas yog dissociated acid:

1. PbO ₂ + li ₄ ^{2- + 4H + + 2e - =} PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis zoo electrode - cathode).
2. Pb + li ₄ ^{2- -} 2e - = PbSO ₄ (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau zoo electrode - lub anode).

Yog hais tias koj nyeem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis - tau cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub roj teeb paug, thiab yog hais tias txoj cai - thaum ib tug xwb. Txhua tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw ntawm no tshua yog sib txawv, tab sis hauv lub mechanism ntawm lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kev qhia txog cov tib: muaj ob dab, yog ib tus uas electrons yog "absorbed" thiab lwm yam, conversely, "mus." Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog hais tias lub xov tooj ntawm absorbed electrons sib npaug rau cov xov tooj luam tawm.

Ua tau, dua li cov roj teeb, muaj ntau ntau daim ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv kev, electrolytes, piv txwv uas peb tau muab, - nws tsuas yog ib tug grain ntawm ntau yam ntawm tshuaj uas koom nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm. Lawv koos peb qhov txhia chaw, qhov txhia chaw. Piv txwv li, tib neeg lub cev. Koj puas xav hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj xws tshuaj? Heev tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Lawv pom qhov txhia chaw nyob rau hauv peb thiab tshwm sim tawm lub coob coob ntawm cov ntshav electrolytes. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, hlau ions, uas yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin thiab pab thauj oxygen mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm peb lub cev. Ntshav electrolytes kuj ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm cov dej-ntsev tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plawv. Qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm poov tshuaj ions thiab sodium (muaj txawm tias ib tug txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas muaj npe poov tshuaj ntsev twj tso kua mis).

Tej yam khoom uas koj muaj peev xwm yaj tsawg kawg yog ib me ntsis - electrolytes. Thiab yog tsis muaj kev lag luam thiab peb lub neej, peb txog qhov twg lawv ua ntawv thov. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub roj teeb nyob rau hauv lub tsheb thiab roj teeb. Yog tej tshuaj thiab khoom noj khoom haus ua, ua tub rog factories, tsoos tsho factories thiab thiaj li nyob.

Lub ntsha muaj pes tsawg leeg, los ntawm txoj kev, yog qhov sib txawv. Yog li, nws tseem tau mus faib lub acid thiab alkaline ntsha. Lawv txawv fundamentally nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog: raws li peb tau hais tias, acids yog proton hloov, thiab alkali - acceptors. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, lub ntsha muaj pes tsawg leeg hloov vim tsis ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw concentration yog txo los yog nce (nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog ploj, dej los yog ntsha).

Txhua txhua hnub peb cov confronted nrog lawv, tab sis heev ob peb cov neeg paub raws nraim li cov ntsiab lus ntawm xws li ib tug lub sij hawm raws electrolytes. Piv txwv ntawm cov kev tshuaj peb sib tham, thiaj li cia tus tsiv mus nyob rau ib tug me ntsis ntau cov tswv yim.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm electrolytes

Tam sim no txog physics. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kom to taub nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no lub npe - tam sim no yog kis mus rau cov electrolytes. Decisive luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no ua si los ntawm lub ions. Cov them hais tej zaum yuav mus los ntawm ib tug ib feem ntawm tus nqi tshuaj mus rau lwm lub. Yog li, anions yuav yeej ib txwm mus rau lub zoo electrode thiab cations - mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Yog li, los ntawm ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv lub fais tam sim no tov, peb tau faib cov nqi rau ob tog ntawm lub system.

Heev ntawm nthuav cov lub cev yam ntxwv xws li ceev. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev sib tham. Thiab feem ntau pops rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas kom cov kev ceev ntawm lub ntsha?" Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov lus teb yog yooj yim: nws yog tsim nyog los txo cov dej cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj. Txij li thaum cov kev ceev ntawm lub ntsha mas txiav txim ceev ntawm lub sulfuric acid, nws lom zem ntau nyob rau hauv lub kawg concentration. Muaj ob txoj kev los siv rau lub hom phiaj. Tus thawj yog heev yooj yim: boil lub ntsha muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum them nws li hais tias cov huab cua sab hauv sawv me ntsis saum toj no ib puas degrees Celsius. Yog hais tias qhov no txoj kev tsis ua hauj lwm, tsis txhob txhawj, muaj lwm: cias hloov lub qub tshiab ntsha. Ua li no, ntws lub qub tov los ntxuav lub insides ntawm lub residual sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv distilled dej, thiab ces ncuav ib tug tshiab feem. Feem ntau, qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov ntsha kev daws teeb meem tam sim ntawd muaj ib yam kev concentration nqi. Tom qab hloov yuav tsis nco qab txog yuav ua li cas los tsa cov kev ceev ntawm lub ntsha.

Lub ntsha muaj pes tsawg leeg lom zem ntau thiab txiav txim seb nws cov khoom. Cov yam ntxwv xws li hluav taws xob conductivity thiab ceev, piv txwv li, xav nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tus solute thiab nws cov concentration. Muaj yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ntawm cov ntsha nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb yuav ua tau. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws volume yog ncaj qha mus txog rau lub tshaj tawm hais tias muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom. Qhov ntau sulfuric acid hauv lub roj teeb, li ntawd, nws yog ntau haib, t. E. Qhov ntau voltage muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm qhov uas ua.

Qhov twg yog nws pab tau?

Yog hais tias koj yog ib lub tsheb tus neeg txhawb los yog cia li xav nyob rau hauv lub tsheb, koj yuav to taub txhua yam koj tus kheej. Muaj tseeb koj txawm paub yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ntsha nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb yog tam sim no. Thiab yog hais tias koj tsis nyob lawm los ntawm lub tsheb, ces tus txawj ntse ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj, lawv siv thiab yuav ua li cas lawv nrog txhua lwm yam yuav tsis yuav superfluous. Peb paub li no, koj nyob nraum tsis meej pem, koj yuav tau hais li cas rau ntsha nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb. Txawm hais tias txawm yog hais tias koj tsis yog ib tug lub tsheb enthusiast, tab sis koj muaj ib lub tsheb, ces tus txawj ntse ntawm lub roj teeb ntaus ntawv yuav tsum tau kiag li tsis muaj kev tsim txom thiab yuav pab tau koj mus kho. Nws yuav ua tau yooj yim npaum li thiab pheej yig dua ua txhua yam li koj tus kheej, dua li mus rau lub tsheb chaw.

Thiab xav paub ntau ntxiv txog qhov no lub ntsiab lus, peb xav kom koj mus saib cov Science News for KIDS phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab universities. Yog hais tias koj paub tias qhov no science zoo thiab nyeem txaus phau ntawv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv yuav tsum tau "Tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw" Varypaeva. Muaj teem tawm nyob rau hauv kom meej lub tag nrho lub hom phiaj ntawm roj teeb lub neej, ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov roj teeb thiab hydrogen ntsiab.

xaus

Peb tau tuaj mus rau qhov kawg. Wb zaum pem. Saum toj no peb tau sib tham txog txhua yam, raws li muaj xws li electrolytes: piv txwv, cov qauv kev tshawb xav thiab lub zog, zog thiab daim ntaub ntawv. Ib zaug ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov tebchaw yog ib feem ntawm peb lub neej, yam uas yog yuav tsis muaj nyob, peb lub cev thiab tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev lag luam. Nej nco qab tus ntshav electrolytes? Ua tsaug rau lawv peb nyob. Thiab yog dab tsi txog peb lub tsheb? Nrog rau qhov no paub peb muaj peev xwm kho tej yam teeb meem nrog rau lub roj teeb, raws li tam sim no to taub yuav ua li cas los tsa cov kev ceev ntawm lub ntsha nyob rau hauv nws.

Tag nrho tsis yooj yim sua los qhia rau, tiam sis peb tsis teev xws li ib tug lub hom phiaj. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau hais txog cov amazing tshuaj.