Tam sim no qhov chaw, tshuaj. Hom tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw thiab ntaus

Tam sim no qhov chaw , tshuaj (abbreviated ntaus) - adaptation, nyob rau hauv uas lub zog ntawm ib tug redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog. Lawv lwm lub npe - ib tug electrochemical cell, galvanic cell , ib tug electrochemical cell. Lawv khiav hauj lwm kuj yog li nram qab no: tus sis ntawm cov ob reagents ua rau ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no hwj chim faib. Nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw txheej txheem generating hluav taws xob tam sim no tshwm sim multistage tswvyim. Ua ntej tso tawm thermal zog, ces nws yog hloov mus rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab thiab xwb ces mus rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog. Advantage ntaus - ib-theem txheej txheem, i.e. cov hluav taws xob yog tau ncaj qha, bypassing cov kauj ruam ntawm kev muab thermal thiab txhua yam energies.

zaj dabneeg

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus thawj tam sim no qhov twg los? tshuaj qhov chaw raug hu ua galvanic hlwb tom qab lub Italian paub txog ntawm lub xyoo pua - Luigi Galvani. Nws yog ib tug kws kho mob, anatomist, physiologist thiab physicist. Ib tug ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb yog mus kawm lub tshua ntawm cov tsiaj mus rau ntau yam sab nraud raug pa. Cov tshuaj txoj kev ua hluav taws xob twb tau qhib Galvani ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug ntawm nws thwmsim rau qav. Nws yog kev cob cog rua rau ib tug nyoos paj nyob rau hauv lub Qav ob txhais ceg ob hlau paib. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim npag contraction. Tus kheej piav ntawm no phenomenon ntawm Galvani yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Tab sis cov kev tshwm sim ntawm nws thwmsim thiab cov tswvyim pab nws compatriot Alessandro Volta rau hauv tom ntej kev tshawb fawb.

Volta txog cov nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm lub hom phiaj ntawm tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm ib tug tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob co nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub npag cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub Qav. Tus thawj tshuaj tam sim no qhov twg los ntsia zoo li ib lub taub ntim nrog brine, nrog paib raus therein ntawm zinc thiab tooj liab.

Nyob rau hauv lub muaj-scale CCS pib yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov puas tawm xyoo dhau, ua tsaug rau Frenchman Leklanshe uas yees ua lub thawj manganese-zinc hlwb nrog ntsev ntsha, npe hu ua tom qab nws. Tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos, qhov no lawm electrochemical cell mus rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab yog ib lub xwb thawj tshuaj qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob ua ntej 1940.

Tsim thiab cov lag luam ntaus

tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw ntaus ntawv muaj xws li ob electrodes (conductors ntawm cov thawj zoo) thiab cov intervening ntsha (neeg xyuas pib ntawm lub thib ob hom, los yog ion neeg xyuas pib). Nyob rau ciam teb ntawm hluav taws xob tej zaum tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Lub electrode uas txo neeg sawv cev yog oxidized hu ua lub anode, thiab ib lub uas tus oxidant rov qab - cathode. Ua ke nrog cov ntsha, lawv roos ib tug electrochemical system.

Ib tug byproduct ntawm lub redox tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub electrodes yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no. Thaum lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus txo neeg sawv cev yog oxidised thiab oxidant muab cov electrons uas lees txais lawv thiab vim qhov no yog rov qab los. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ntsha ntawm lub cathode thiab cov anode yog ib tug yuavtsum tau kawm uantej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias pawg sib tov ua ke hmoov ntawm ob tug sib txawv co, tsis muaj hluav taws xob paug tsis tshwm sim, tag nrho cov zog yuav tsum tau tso tawm raws li thaum tshav kub kub. Lub ntsha yog yuav tsum tau mus khiav hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm electron hloov lwm lub tsev. Feem ntau cov feem ntau ua ntsev tov los yog qhuav ntawm nws zoo.

Lub electrodes zoo li hlau phaj los yog daim phiaj. Thaum lawv immersion nyob rau hauv ntsha tshwm sim ib qho hluav taws xob tej zaum txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv - lub qhib Circuit Court voltage. Lub anode muaj ib tug ib txwm mus cuam tshuam ntawm electrons thiab ib tug cathode - mus rau lawv tus me nyuam. Nyob rau lawv nto tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib. Lawv nres los ntawm cov lus qhib ntawm lub saw, raws li zoo raws li thaum ib tug ntawm cov reactants noj. Rhuav yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw los ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov electrodes los yog ntsha.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg electrochemical tshuab

Tam sim no qhov chaw tshuaj oxidants yog siv raws li cov pa acid ntsev, oxygen, halides, siab dua hlau oxides nitroorganic compound thiab t. D. Txo cov neeg ua hauj nyob rau ntawd yog hlau thiab lawv cov sab oxides, hydrogen, thiab hydrocarbon tebchaw. Raws li electrolytes siv:

1. Aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm acids, alkali, ntsev thiab thiaj li nyob. D.
2. Nonaqueous kev daws teeb meem nrog ion conductivity tau los ntawm dissolving lub ntsev nyob rau hauv cov organic los yog inorganic kuab tshuaj.
3. ntsev melts.
4. Khoom tebchaw nrog ionic lattice, nyob rau ib qho ntawm lub rooj noj ions.
5. Matrix electrolytes. Qhov no kua dlaws los yog melts nyob rau hauv lub pores ntawm ib tug khoom uas tsis yog-conductive lub cev - elektronositelya.
6. Ion-pauv electrolytes. Qhov no khoom kev twb kev txuas nrog cov taag ionic neeg ntawm cov tib kos npe rau. lwm kos npe rau ntawm Yaunas thaum mobile. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse ua rau cov conductivity ntawm lub ntsha unipolar.

galvanic roj teeb

Tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw muaj electrochemical hlwb - hlwb. Nro nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov hlwb yog me me - los ntawm 0.5 mus 4V. Nyob ntawm seb cov kev xav tau, ntaus siv galvanic roj teeb, muaj raws ntawm ob peb serially kev cob cog rua ntsiab. Nws yog tej zaum kuj siv nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus los yog nyob rau hauv series-thaum uas tig mus kev twb kev txuas ntawm ob peb cov ntsiab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug series Circuit Court yeej ib txwm xws li xwb cov tib thawj hlwb los yog roj teeb. Lawv yuav tsum muaj tib lub tsis yog: electrochemical system, tsim, cov txheej txheem variation thiab loj. Rau thaum uas tig mus kev twb kev txuas yog tau siv cov ntsiab ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg.

kev faib ntaus

Tshuaj qhov chaw txawv nyob rau hauv:

• loj;
• siv;
• reagents;
• Xwm energoobrazuyuschey cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov tsis txhais tau lub kev kawm ntawm cov CCS haum rau ib tug kev daim ntawv thov.

Ib suam ntawm electrochemical hlwb raws li nyob rau hauv sib txawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub lag luam. Nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv, paub qhov txawv:

1. Primary tshuaj qhov chaw - pov tseg yam khoom. Lawv muaj ib tug tej yam Tshuag reagents, uas yog consumed nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab xws li tag nrho paug cell loses efficiency. Nyob rau hauv lwm thawj ntaus yog hu ua galvanic hlwb. Cov tubtxib ncaj ncees yuav tsuas hu lawv - lub caij. Qhov yooj yim piv txwv ntawm ib tug thawj hwj chim qhov twg los - "Roj teeb" AA.
2. Rechargeable tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw - cov roj teeb (kuj hu ua theem nrab, reversible ntaus) yog reusable ntsiab. Los ntawm xeem dhau ib tug tam sim no los ntawm lwm Circuit Court nyob rau hauv lub rov qab cov kev taw qhia los ntawm cov roj teeb tom qab tag nrho paug siv reactants yog regenerated dua accumulating tshuaj zog (tau them). Vim tau them los ntawm ib tug sab nraud qhov tam sim no qhov chaw ntaus ntawv yog siv rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, intermittently rau recharge. Tus txheej txheem ntawm generating hluav taws xob lub zog yog hu ua tus accumulator tawm. Cov no muaj xws ntaus roj teeb uas muaj ntau hluav taws xob (laptops, txawb tes thiab thiaj li nyob. N.).
3. Thermal tshuaj qhov chaw - pab kiag li lawm ntawm tas mus li qhov kev txiav txim. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv lub lag luam muaj ib tug nruam ndlwg ntawm tshiab batches ntawm reagents thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.
4. Ua ke (polutoplivnyh) electrochemical hlwb muaj ib tug Tshuag ntawm ib qho ntawm cov reactants. Qhov thib ob ntaus ntawv yog txhab khoom mus rau nraum zoov. Lub neej ntawm tus dais nyob rau hauv lub mov ntawm cov thawj reactant. Ua ke tshuaj qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no yog siv raws li roj teeb, yog hais tias muaj yog tau es lawv them nyiaj los ntawm xeem dhau tam sim no los ntawm ib tug sab nraud qhov chaw.
5. Ntaus txuas ntxiv dua mus sam mechanically los yog sib. Rau lawv, nws yog ua tau los hloov tom qab ib tug xwb siv reagents tshiab feem. Hais tias yog, lawv tsis yog tas mus li pab kiag li lawm zoo li, zoo li lub roj teeb tseg sam.

yam ntxwv ntaus

Tus thawj xib fwb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj hwj chim qhov chaw xws li:

1. Qhib Circuit Court voltage (OCV los yog ib tug ntxub voltage). Qhov no tus nqi feem ntau nyob ntawm lub electrochemical system (ua ke ntawm ib tug txo neeg sawv cev, tus neeg saib xyuas thiab oxidizing lub ntsha). Tsis tas li ntawd OCV cuam tshuam ntsha concentration, degree ntawm paug, kub thiab lwm tus neeg. OCV nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov tam sim no ntws los ntawm lub ntaus.
2. Fais fab.
3. Lub paug tam sim no - nyob rau lwm Circuit Court kuj.
4. Peev Xwm - lub siab tshaj plaws nqi hluav taws xob uas muab ntaus thaum nws yog lig tawm.
5. Lub zog cov ntsiab lus - lub siab tshaj plaws zog tau txais nyob rau hauv tag nrho paug ntaus ntawv.
6. Zog yam ntxwv. Rau roj teeb, nws yog feem ntau guaranteed tooj xwb-paug mus tsis muaj tej lub voltage los yog them nyiaj peev xwm (pab).
7. Kub ntau ua tau zoo.
8. Cia lub sij hawm - lub siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev siv thiab ua thiab cov thawj paug ntaus ntawv.
9. Service lub neej - lub siab tshaj plaws tag nrho cia thiab ua hauj lwm lub neej. Rau roj hlwb yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev pab nrog tas mus li thiab sib quas ntus lag luam.
10. Tag nrho cov zog tauj rau tag nrho cov kev pab lub neej.
11. Neeg kho tshuab zog nrog rau kev hwm mus ntseeg, kev poob siab, thiab thiaj li nyob. N.
12. Muaj peev xwm mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txhua txoj hauj lwm.
13. Kev ntseeg tau.
14. Ib qho yooj yim txij nkawm.

Yuav tsum muaj rau ntaus

Tus tsim ntawm electrochemical hlwb yuav tsum tau muab ib qho chaw conducive mus rau feem ntau npaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tej yam kev mob muaj xws li:

• tiv thaiv tam sim no to;
• niaj hnub zoo li ua hauj lwm;
• cov neeg kho tshuab zog (nrog rau kev sib khi);
• sib cais ntawm cov reactants;
• zoo hu ntawm lub electrodes thiab ntsha;
• tawm tam sim no los ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv cheeb tsam rau ib tug sab nraud tso zis nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus losses.

Tam sim no qhov chaw, tshuaj yuav tsum tau raws li cov nram qab no kev cai:

• lub siab tshaj plaws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis;
• nyiaj pab ntau tshaj kub ntau ntawm operability;
• qhov loj tshaj kev nyuaj siab;
• qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm lub zog;
• voltage stability;
• them preservation;
• kev ruaj ntseg;
• tsis ntawm txij nkawm, thiab tob tsis muaj kev xav tau rau nws;
• ntev kev pab cuam lub neej.

lag luam ntaus

Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm thawj hlwb - tsis muaj rau cov txij nkawm. Ua ntej koj yuav pib siv lawv txaus mus xyuas cov tsos, txee-lub neej. Thaum kev cob cog rua nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus soj ntsuam cov polarity thiab xyuas kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub ntaus ntawv hu. Ntau complex tshuaj qhov chaw - cov roj teeb, xav ib tug ntau loj kho mob. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv kev pab cuam - lub siab tshaj plaws extension ntawm lub neej. Kev tu rau lub roj teeb yog:

• txij nkawm ntawm kev dawb huv;
• saib xyuas qhib Circuit Court voltage;
• tswj cov ntsha theem (rau Refilling tsuas distilled dej yuav siv tau);
• Control ntawm lub ntsha concentration (ntawm hydrometer - yooj yim ntaus ntawv ntsuas dej ceev).

Thaum lub sij hawm lub lag luam ntawm electrochemical hlwb yuav tsum ua raws li nrog tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov kev ruaj ntseg siv hluav taws xob khoom siv.

Ntaus ib suam ntawm electrochemical tshuab

Hom tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw, nyob ntawm seb lub system:

• ua (acid);
• npib tsib xee-cadmium, npib tsib xee-hlau, npib tsib xee-zinc;
• manganese-zinc, tooj liab-zinc, mercury, zinc, zinc-chloride;
• nyiaj-zinc, nyiaj thiab cadmium;
• cua-hlau;
• npib tsib xee-hydrogen thiab nyiaj-hydrogen;
• manganese-magnesium;
• lithium thiab t. d.

Niaj hnub nimno siv ntaus

Tam sim no qhov chaw, tshuaj Nws yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv:

• tsheb;
• portable pab kiag li lawm;
• tub rog thiab qhov chaw technology;
• scientific cov khoom;
• Tshuaj (pacemakers).

Paub cov piv txwv ntawm ntaus nyob rau hauv lub tsev:

• roj teeb (qhuav hlwb);
• roj teeb portable tsev khoom siv thiab electronics;
• uninterruptible mov fais fab;
• tsheb roj teeb.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lug txais yuav lithium tshuaj qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lithium (Li) muaj lub siab tshaj plaws zog ceev. Lub fact tias nws boasts qhov tsis zoo electrode tej zaum ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam hlau. Lithium-ion roj teeb (Lia) ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm CCS thiab cov kev zog ntawm cov ua hauj lwm voltage. Tam sim no lawv maj mam lug tau sai dlua ib tug tshiab kheej - txoj kev thauj. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej kev tsim muaj feem xyuam rau kev txhim kho ntawm lithium roj teeb, yuav tsiv mus nyob rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm ultrathin designs thiab loj heavy-duty roj teeb.