Graphene thiab nws daim ntawv thov. Tus foundations ntawm graphene. Nanotechnology nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub

Kuj nyuam qhuav nyob rau hauv Science thiab Technology yog ib tug tshiab hauv cheeb tsam, hu ua nanotechnology. Zeem muag rau qhov kev qhuab qhia yog tsis yog loj heev. Lawv yog cov nquag. Lub particle, xa mus rau raws li "nano" yog ib tug nqi sib npaug zos rau ib billionth ntawm ib feem ntawm tej nqi. Cov ntau thiab tsawg pab yuav tsuas yuav muab piv rau qhov loj ntawm atoms thiab molecules. Piv txwv li, ib tug nanometer yog hu ua ib tug-billionth ntawm ib 'meter'.

Lub ntsiab kev taw qhia ntawm tus tshiab teb ntawm science

Nanotechnology hu ua cov neeg uas muab qhov teeb meem nyob rau theem ntawm molecules thiab atoms. Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam no ntawm science tseem hu ua molecular technology. Yuav ua li cas yog lub impetus rau nws txoj kev loj hlob? Nanotechnology nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no muaj nyob ua tsaug rau cov lus qhuab qhia Richarda Feynmana. Nyob rau hauv nws tus paub txog tau muaj pov thawj hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau cov creation ntawm tej yam uas ncaj qha los ntawm lub atoms.

Txhais tau hais tias rau zoo manipulation ntawm me me hais hu ua assembler. Qhov no molecular nanomachine, uas yuav siv tau los tsim kom tau tej qauv. Piv txwv li, lub assembler yuav hu ua tej yam ntuj tso ribosome synthesizing ib tug protein nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob.

Nanotechnology nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no yog tsis yog ib tug tib cheeb tsam ntawm kev txawj ntse. Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug dav uas duav txhua yam ntawm kev tshawb fawb hais txog ntau yam tseem ceeb sciences. Ntawm lawv yog cov physics, Science News for KIDS thiab biology. Raws li zaum, cov sciences yuav muaj cov haib tshaj impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm cov tuaj nanotech kiv puag ncig.

kheej ntawm daim ntawv thov

Sau tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, qhov chaw uas nanotechnology yog siv niaj hnub no, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua vim hais tias ntawm lub heev impressive daim ntawv teev. Yog li ntawd, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm daim teb no ntawm science yog ua:

- pab kiag li lawm rau superdense cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv tej ntaub ntawv;
- ntau yam khoom;
- sensors, solar hlwb, semiconductor transistors;
- ntaub ntawv, xam thiab cov ntaub ntawv technology;
- nanoimprint thiab nanolithography;
- pab kiag li lawm rau khaws cia zog, thiab roj hlwb;
- kev tiv thaiv, qhov chaw thiab chaw ua dav hlua daim ntaub ntawv;
- bioinstrumentary.

Nyob rau qhov no scientific teb ntawm nanotechnology nyob rau hauv Russia, teb chaws USA, Nyiv thiab ob peb lub European lub teb chaws uas muaj ntau nyiaj faib txhua txhua xyoo. Qhov no yog vim lub loj heev zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no kheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Nanotechnology yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia raws li tsoom fwv teb chaws lub hom phiaj kev pab cuam, uas yuav muab tsis tau tsuas yog zoo nyiaj txiag nqi, tab sis kuj nqa ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tshawb fawb tej hauj lwm. Mus cuag lub hom phiaj yuav mus sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub dag zog ntawm ntau yam scientific thiab hauj systems nyob rau theem ntawm lub teb chaws thiab multinational corporations.

cov khoom tshiab

Nanotechnology muaj enabled zaum yuav tsim ib cov pa roj carbon phaj nyuaj tshaj pob zeb diamond uas nws thickness no tsuas yog ib atom. Nws muaj graphene. Nws yog ib lub thinnest thiab muaj zog cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb, uas hau hluav taws xob zoo npaum li cas tshaj silicon computer chips.

Tus foundations ntawm graphene yog ib tug tiag tiag revolutionary kev tshwm sim, uas yuav cia ntau npaum li cas hloov nyob rau hauv peb lub neej. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog li ntawd cim lub cev thaj chaw uas fundamentally hloov tus tib neeg qhov xwm ntawm yam thiab tshuaj.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Graphene yog ib tug ob-seem siv lead ua. Nws qauv yog ib tug hexagonal lattice muaj carbon atoms. Theoretical cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm graphene pib ntev ua ntej tau txais nws tiag tiag designs, vim qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog lub hauv paus rau constructing ib lub peb-dimensional graphite siv lead ua.

Txawm nyob rau hauv 1947 G. P. Volles nws muaj ib co thaj chaw ntawm graphene, ua pov thawj hais tias nws cov qauv yog zoo xws li cov co, thiab ib co yam ntxwv zoo ib yam li cov uas nyob hauv ultra-relativistic hais, neutrinos thiab massless photons. Txawm li cas los, tus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj tej yam tseem ceeb sib txawv uas ua rau nws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv nws cov xwm. Tab sis kev paub ntawm cov kev tshawb pom twb tau xwb nyob rau hauv 2004, thaum Konstantin Novoselov thiab Andrey Geim twb xub tau ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev. Qhov no tshiab yam khoom uas yog hu ua graphene, thiab yog ib tug loj foundations zaum. Nrhiav cov khoom no yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv mem hluav. Nws graphite pas nrig yog ua los ntawm ntau yam khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm graphene. Yuav ua li cas ib tug cwj mem yoojyim ib tug cim rau ntawm cov ntawv? Qhov tseeb yog hais tias, txawm lub dag lub zog ntawm cov tub ntxhais Cheebtsam ntawm lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, muaj ib tug heev muaj zog txuas ntawm lawv. Lawv yog cov heev yooj yim mus poob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog rau daim ntawv, tawm hauv ib txoj kev taug nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.

Siv cov khoom tshiab

Raws li zaum, qhov sensors uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv graphene, yuav tau mus soj ntsuam lub dag lub zog thiab kev mob ntawm lub aircraft, raws li zoo raws li mus twv seb av qeeg. Tab sis tsuas yog thaum cov ntaub ntawv uas nrog xws li lub zog yuav tawm stunning phab ntsa lub chaw soj nstuam kom meej ua daim ntawv thov yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Thaum lub tam sim no hnub, chemists, physicists thiab hluav taws xob engineers yog twb xav nyob rau hauv lub cim tuition ntawm graphene. Tom qab li ib ob peb grams ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav tsum tau them ib ncig, sib npaug zos rau ib tug football teb.

Graphene thiab nws daim ntawv thov uas xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv ua khaub-ncaws nyias satellites thiab aircraft. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, tus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav hloov tau lub carbon fibers nyob rau hauv lub puas cov ntaub ntawv. Nanomaterials tej zaum yuav siv tsis silicon transistors thiab nws siv nyob rau hauv hnab yas muab nws hluav taws xob conductivity.

Graphene thiab nws cov kev siv yog xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem sensor siv thiab ua. Cov pab kiag li lawm yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tseeb cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau los xyuas txog cov feem ntau txaus ntshai molecule. Tab sis txoj kev siv cov Nano-hmoov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob roj teeb rau cov sij hawm los ua kom cov hauj lwm zoo.

Graphene thiab nws daim ntawv thov yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv optoelectronics. Ntawm cov khoom tshiab yuav tig tawm heev sib thiab check yas uas los ntawm tus ntim yuav cia rau ib tug ob peb lub lis piam mus ceev cov zaub mov tshiab.

Kev siv ntawm graphene thiab yuav los tsim ib tug pob tshab conductive txheej yuav tsum tau rau saib, solar panels thiab ib tug muaj zog thiab ntau resistant rau cov neeg kho tshuab los ntawm cua turbines.

Raws li nanomaterial yuav muaj ib tug zoo kev ua si cov khoom, kev kho mob kev cog hniav thiab supercapacitors.

Tsis tas li ntawd, graphene thiab nws daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb rau:

- high-zaus high-power hluav taws xob;
- dag membrane nkauj nraug ob kua nyob rau hauv lub tank;
- kev txhim kho cov conductivity thaj chaw ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv;
- tsim ib tug zaub rau cov organic teeb emitting diode;
- ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kev DNA sequencing;
- kev txhim kho ntawm cov kua siv lead ua qhia;
- ballistic transistors.

Cov kev siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb lag luam

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm, cov kev zog txuas lub graphene 65 kWh / kg. Qhov no xam yog 47 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li ib tug uas yog muaj ntau heev nta lithium-ion roj teeb. Qhov tseeb, zaum tau siv los tsim ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm roj teeb chargers.

Graphene polymer roj teeb - tus ntaus ntawv los ntawm txoj kev uas lub siab tshaj plaws hluav taws xob hwj chim zoo muab khaws cia tseg. Tam sim no, lub chaw ua hauj lwm rau nws yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Tseem ceeb kev kawm tiav Mev zaum nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no. Graphene-polymer roj teeb, lawv tsim muaj zog noj, pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm ntau tshaj ib tug zoo li daim duab rau uas twb muaj lawm cov roj teeb. Lawv siv nws los equip fais tsheb. Lub tshuab, uas yog ntsia graphene roj teeb, yuav mus yam tsis tau cheem txhiab tus kilometers. Yuav kom recharge lub hluav taws xob qhov twg los thaum qaug yuav tsum tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 8 feeb.

touchscreens

Zaum tseem mus tshawb graphene, tsim ib tug tshiab thiab unparalleled yam. Yog li, cov pa roj carbon nanomaterial tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau lawm uas tsim muaj kov ntxaij nrog thoob plaws kev tshuaj ntsuam. Lub sij hawm tej zaum yuav tshwm sim thiab saj zawg zog ntaus ntawv ntawm no hom.

Zaum tau txais ib tug graphene daim ntawv yog lub nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab muab nws mus rau hauv ib tug pob tshab electrode. Nws kuj tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov kov screen, zoo heev txo lub durability, transparency, yooj, tej friendliness thiab tus nqi qis.

muab graphene

Txij li thaum 2004, thaum nws qhib lub newest nanomaterials, zaum tau mastered ib tug xov tooj ntawm txoj kev rau nws cov kev npaj. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau yooj yim ntawm cov kev pom tau hais tias:

- cov neeg kho tshuab exfoliation;
- epitaxial txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev;
- txias perofaznogo tshuaj (CVD-txoj kev).

Tus thawj ntawm no peb txoj kev yog lub feem ntau yooj yim. graphene ntau lawm nrog cov neeg kho tshuab exfoliation yog ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv thov ntawm graphite rau cov nplaum nto ntawm nplaum kab xev. Tom qab no lub hauv paus, xws li ib daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv, pib khoov thiab unbend, separating lub yam khoom. Thaum ua ntawv thov rau cov qauv no graphene tau lub siab tshaj plaws zoo. Txawm li cas los, tej yam ua yog tsis haum rau loj zus tau tej cov nanomaterials.

Thaum uas siv cov qauv ntawm cov epitaxial txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nyias silicon wafers siv, tus nto txheej uas yog pob zeb ntais carbide. Ntxiv mus, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog rhuab nyob rau hauv ib tug kub kub (1000 K). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshua yog cais los ntawm lub pob zeb ntais atoms ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, cov thawj ntawm cov uas yaj ua pa. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ntshiab graphene. Lub disadvantage ntawm no txoj kev yog yuav tsum muaj cov siv heev kub, uas yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm carbon atoms.

Qhov tseem txhim khu kev qha thiab yooj yim txoj kev siv rau loj zus tau tej cov graphene, ib tug CVD-txheej txheem. Nws yog ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas cov tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau-coated catalyst thiab hydrocarbon gases.

Uas ua graphene?

Rau hnub tim, qhov loj tshaj plaws lub tuam txhab, ua ib tug tshiab nanomaterial yog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Lub npe ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus - Ningbo Morsh Technology. graphene ntau lawm lawv pib nyob rau hauv 2012.

Lub ntsiab tus neeg ntawm lub nanomaterial yog ib lub tuam txhab Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene siv nws rau zus tau tej cov conductive pob tshab films, uas yog tso rau hauv lub touchscreen zaub.

Kuj ntev los no, ib tug zoo-paub lub tuam txhab Nokia tau muab ib patent ntawm daim duab sensor. Raws li ib feem ntawm no ntau-uas yuav tsum tau yog ib tug ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm graphene kho qhov muag ntsuas caij. Xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas siv nyob rau hauv lub sensors ntawm cov koob yees duab zoo heev tsub kom lawv rhiab heev (mus txog 1000 lub sij hawm). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cai yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob noj. Zoo koob yees duab rau cov smartphone yuav muaj graphene.

Kev npaj ntawm ib tug domestic ib puag ncig,

Yog nws tau los ua cov graphene nyob hauv tsev? Nws hloov tawm, yog! Koj cia li yuav tsum tau ib chav ua noj rab peev xwm ntawm tsis tsawg tshaj li 400 W, thiab ua raws li tus qauv uas tsim los ntawm lub Irish physicists.

Yuav ua li cas ho tsim graphene nyob hauv tsev? Rau lub hom phiaj no lub rab khob raug nchuav 500 ml ntawm cov dej los ntawm kev ntxiv 10-25 ml ntawm tej kua xab npum thiab 20-50 grams ntawm crushed slate. Ntxiv lub ntaus ntawv yuav tsum tau khiav los ntawm 10 feeb mus rau ib nrab ib teev, kom txog thaum lub tsos ntawm ib tug slurry ntawm graphene plaub ya ri. Cov uas ua cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav muaj lub siab conductivity uas yuav cia nws siv nyob rau hauv lub electrodes hnub ci hlwb. Graphene kuj yuav ua tau kom lub thaj chaw ntawm yas ua nyob rau hauv lub domestic ib puag ncig.

oxide nanomaterial

Zaum nquag tshawb nrhiav thiab graphene qauv xws li hais tias hauv los yog nyob rau ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon mesh yog txuas los yog cov pa uas muaj functional pawg (s) ntawm cov qauv. Qhov no cov khoom Nano-oxide uas yog thawj ob-dimensional duab, uas tau mus txog rau theem ntawm coj mus muag ntau lawm. Los ntawm nano thiab microparticles ntawm cov qauv no zaum centimeter kuaj ua.

Yog li, lub graphene oxide nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog carbon diofilizirovannym twb nyuam qhuav tau ntawm suav kws tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog ib tug heev sib khoom centimeter lub voos xwmfab uas yog muaj nyob rau lub petals ntawm ib tug me me lub paj. Tab sis qhov no tshiab tej yam khoom uas, nyob rau hauv uas lub graphene oxide yog ib qho ntawm feem khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

biomedical daim ntaub ntawv

Graphene oxide muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom teejtug uas selectivity. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw mus nrhiav ib tug biomedical daim ntawv thov. Yog li ntawd, ua tsaug rau tus ua hauj lwm ntawm zaum twb tau mus siv graphene oxide rau qhov mob ntawm cancer. Ntes cancer nyob rau ntawm ib thaum ntxov rau theem ntawm nws kev loj hlob cia cim kho qhov muag thiab hluav taws xob khoom ntawm lub nanomaterial.

Tsis tas li ntawd graphene oxide tso cai targeted tus me nyuam cov tshuaj thiab diagnostics. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom no yog sorption biosensors, taw tes rau tus DNA molecule.

muaj kev siv

Ntau sorbents raws li nyob rau hauv lub graphene oxide yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv mus rau lub mob dezaktsivatsii ntuj thiab tus txiv neej-ua khoom. Ib tug txiav ntawm active nanomaterial yuav ua nqhuab thiab nto dej, cov av thiab clearing lawv los ntawm lub radionuclide.

Lim los ntawm graphene oxide yuav muab superchistotoy thaj chaw, uas ua hluav taws xob yam rau tshwj xeeb daim ntawv sau npe. Lub cim thaj chaw ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav txeem mus rau hauv me me tshuaj kheej technology. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no tej zaum yuav extraction ntawm tej tawg thiab tsis tshua muaj co. Yog li, siv cov graphene oxide tso cai rau kom extract kub los tsawg-qib ores.