Tsim, Science
Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsiaj qus
Lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb originated nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ntev. Nws originated nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm txoj yam uas lub sij hawm tau coj tsis tau tsuas yog mus rau lub tsos ntawm lub neej, tab sis lub manifestation ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Yog li, lub complexity ntawm lub tej yam kev mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub fact tias nyob qhov yog txawv los ntawm systems uas, ua ke thiab subordinated mus rau txhua lwm yam mus rau tsim ib multi-layered qauv, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau ib yam ntawm cov kev mus.
Basic theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsiaj qus
Yuav kom to taub qhov no system, koj yuav tsum to taub hais tias lub tswv yim qauv hierarchically subordinated mus. Txhua yam uas lawv yuav muab suav hais tias raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qhov system los yog subsystem, tab sis lub holistic xaav ntau ntau ntawm lub neej los ntawm ib tug lom taw tes ntawm view, yog qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom no.
Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob xwm ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv
Ua ntej cov tswv yim rau qhov kev piav qhia, peb nco ntsoov tias lub universal daim ntawv teev kev lom systems tsis muaj nyob, thiab peb npaj siab yog lub feem ntau: Muaj 8 ntau ntau rau lub koom haum.
- Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob qhov: molecular and cellular
Molecular. Nws yog ib qho archaic theem, uas yog tus ciam ntawm nyob thiab tsis nyob xwm. Elementary chav nyob ntawm no yog cov tshuaj tshuaj: . Nqaijrog, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, thiab lwm yam ntawm no lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv no tshwm sim biosynthesis thiab hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm lub zog. Maub ntaub ntawv - lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub molecular theem, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj ob tug Cheebtsam: molecules ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw thiab ceg ntawm tshuaj tebchaw.
Cell. Ntawm no, hais protrude cell koom haum - organelles. Nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov me nyuam muaj nuj nqi, yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm cov tshuaj tshua, thiab ntawm no los txog lub hwj chim noj. Nws muaj ib zaug xwb tivthaiv - lub complex molecules tshuaj tebchaw. Nyob rau theem no, muaj lub biosynthesis, cell division thiab photosynthesis.
- Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob xwm: nqaij thiab hloov khoom nruab nrog
Ntaub. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm fabrics uas muab ib tug ntau yam ntawm hlwb muaj tus zoo tib yam qauv. Nyob rau hauv multicellular kab mob, ntaub so ntswg yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ontogenesis ntawm cell division mus rau txawv pab pawg. Tsiaj txhu thiab nroj tsuag yog sib txawv, vim cov specialization ntawm lub hlwb.
Hloov khoom nruab nrog. Qhov no lub caij ntawm lub system yog lub cev ntawm cov kab mob no. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib tug yuav soj ntsuam tag nrho cov khoom hauv nrog cev systems (yog xav paub ntau tshaj cov kab mob), thiab nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj zog, kev ua pa, plab zom mov, li al., Thaum cov nuj nqis ntawm ib tug neeg organelles.
- Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob qhov: kab mob thiab cov pejxeem kev
Organismic. Qhov no theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub neej cov yam ntxwv ntawm unicellular thiab multicellular. Ntawm no nws yog tau muab ntau txoj kev, qhia ib tug txawv qauv (tsiaj, noog, fungi, cov kab mob). Nws kuj qhia cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub cev nrog rau cov ib puag ncig, uas yog tseem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta. Lub ntsiab tivthaiv yog ib tug ntawm tes.
Pejxeem-hom. Xa los ntawm kinship, uas tas cov pej xeem, thiab nyob rau hauv lem, mus rau lub hom. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm no txheej yog cov yug thiab tuag nqi, qhov luaj li cas thiab ceev. Muaj tsim ib tug muaj zog kev twb kev txuas nrog cov vaj tse hom.
- Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsiaj qus: biogeocenotic thiab Biosphere
Biogeocenotic. Cov txheej no yog tseem raug xa mus rau raws li qhov "ecosystem". Ntawm no yog peb saib lub koom haum ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov pejxeem: lub dav kev pab them nqi rau tib yam (xws li) yam. Ecosystem qib muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom: pejxeem qauv, lub hom biotic kev sib raug zoo, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab hom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nws. Lub ntsiab Cheebtsam yog: cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab khoom noj khoom haus tshuab.
Biosphere. Qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ecosystems. Lub ntsiab ntsiab yog: ecosystems thiab lawv ib puag ncig, uas yog hais txog cov av, cua thiab hydrosphere ntiaj teb no tsis, thiab lwm yam ... Muaj yog ib qho kev sis raug zoo nyob thiab tsis muaj sia, raws li zoo raws li lub ncig ntawm tshuaj.
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