Fermentation ntawm tshuaj yej thiab tshuaj yej nyob rau hauv Russia

Fermentation yog tshuaj yej polyphenol oxidation sib tov thiab enzymes (enzymes) tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yej nplooj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv no theaflavins thiab thearubigins uas muab cov kev Txoj kev lis ntshav ntawm tshuaj yej (dub), ib tug yam ntxwv xim av xim nrog ib tug reddish tinge.

Fermentation yog ib tug series ntawm tshuaj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nws nyob rau ntawm lwm yam kev mob (teeb pom kev zoo, kub, humidity, thiab lwm yam). Muaj cov paub txoj kev dag fermentation kev cuam tshuam thaum thaum cov ntawv tau mus txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev siv ceev cua kub tshuaj yej nplooj, tsis ua rau nws kom qhuav, tab sis yuav hloov los ntawm lub substance yog li ntawd lub fermentation txheej txheem nres.

oxidative enzymes

Fermentation ntawm tshuaj yej - ib tug tseem ceeb txoj kev thoob plaws nws lawm technology. Rau nws cov kev siv yuav tsum yog tej yam uas oxidative enzymes ntawm tshuaj yej nplooj: phenol oxidase thiab peroxidase.

Tshuaj yej ntau lawm muab rau siab tshaj plaws preservation ntawm aroma thiab tsw thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj yej nplooj los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm lawv tshuaj nyob tus yeees. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub raw khoom tau ib tug zoo cov khoom.

Favouring lub biochemical kev hloov pib txawm thaum muab cov tshuaj yej nplooj, ntxiv nrog nws withering thiab sib ntswg, thiab txawm thaum lub sij hawm fermentation, lawv tau ib tug tshwj xeeb lub hwj chim.

Thaum lub sij hawm fermentation ntawv cov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm oxidation dab, nws yuav tooj liab-liab thiab ntsuab tsw hais maj mam me tsw ntawm fermented tshuaj yej.

Lub fermentation txheej txheem

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua nws twb ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj yej fermentation yog ib tug microbiological kev. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov tshuaj yej nplooj muaj ib tug tej yam microflora, ib co kab mob tsim oxidative enzymes uas muaj peev xwm ntawm oxidizing phenolic tebchaw. Qhov no ancient kev tshawb xav tsis laij nws tus kheej, vim hais tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub thwmsim nyob rau hauv aseptic tej yam kev mob, pom tias txawv teb chaws microflora tsuas cuam tshuam nrog cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub fermentation txheej txheem.

Tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv lub XX xyoo pua, oxidative enzymes, thiab xaus lus muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yej nplooj, lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj yej fab nyob rau hauv lub dormant lub xeev thiab yuav qhib kom ua huaj thaum cem. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev kawm txog soluble enzymes ib leeg qhia hais tias phenoloxidase, nws soluble daim ntawv no, muaj tsis muaj zog, tiam sis tsis tsim ib tug soluble peroxidase liab thiab xim av khoom noj uas muaj kev ua si.

Peb txiav txim siab mus kawm cov enzymes nyias, uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug phenol oxidase ua si pom. Qhov no enzyme yog insoluble nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thiab tsis mus rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv li ib txwm tej yam kev mob uas tiv thaiv tau nws nyob rau hauv ua ntej lawm kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd nws twb tshwm sim insoluble phenoloxidase, uas yog lub ntsiab lub enzyme.

Ceev thiab qeeb fermentation

Fermentation ntawm tshuaj yej yog ceev thiab qeeb.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ceev ceev fermentation ntawm tshuaj yej nplooj ua nqa tawm mechanically, i.e. nws dov los yog kneaded los ntawm ua cell week. Qhov no ua rau ib tug ntau kom nquag plias thiab lub oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov enzymes nrog ib leeg.

Thaum tus txheej txheem ntawm qeeb fermentation, lub nplooj yog tsis puas.

Los ntawm txoj kev thiab degree ntawm fermentation nplooj tshuaj yej raug sib cais ua tsib pawg:

• dawb tshuaj yej ;
• ntsuab tshuaj yej ;
• Oolong tshuaj yej;
• oolong tshuaj yej;
• Dub Tshuaj yej.

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, zus tau tej cov tshuaj yej nyob rau hauv Russia tseem xwb nyob rau hauv lub Krasnodar cheeb tsam.

Thaum dim lub ntsoog ntawm lub 90s, zus tau tej cov tshuaj yej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam pib mus rau stabilize, tab sis nyob twj ywm tsis muaj -quality khoom thiab tagnrho kuj tsis cuag yav dhau los ntau. Txawm li cas los, tsis tau nres cov kev ua ub ntawm lub zos zus tau tej cov tshuaj yej ua thiab tshuaj yej-packing Hoobkas nyob rau hauv Adler Dagomys thiab fwm tus Lavxias teb sab khov "Krasnodarchay".

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov av thiab climatic tej yam kev mob nyob deb ntawm noj rau cov sau qoob rau tshuaj yej, nyob rau hauv lub koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Sochi tshuaj yej plantations nyob txog 1.5 txhiab. Hectares. Ntawm no txhua xyoo sau ntau tshaj 4,000 tons ntawm tshuaj yej nplooj.