Golden algae: hom thiab lub npe

Golden algae Division (duab, specifications thiab piav txog tus neeg tsiaj yuav muaj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) yog lub npe hu, tej zaum, feem ntau cia li biologists. Txawm li cas los, nws cov neeg sawv cev ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Golden algae - ib tug ntawm cov hiob pawg ntawm algae. Lawv pog koob yawg koob yog cov thawj amoeboid kab mob. Golden algae zoo xws li cov daj-ntsuab, thiab diatomaceous cov xim av algae recruitment pigments, lub xub ntiag ntawm silicon nyob rau hauv lub cell week, nyob tus yeees ntawm cia tshuaj. Muaj yog vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias lawv yog cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm diatoms. Txawm li cas los, qhov no assumption yuav tsis muab suav hais tias tag nrho cov pov thawj.

Golden algae Division: general yam ntxwv

Peb txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag muaj loj morphological muaj ntau haiv neeg. Golden algae (yees duab ntawm lub teeb tawm saum toj no) yog ob qho tib si unicellular thiab multicellular, colonial. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov golden algae muaj ib tug heev peculiar tus neeg sawv cev. Multicore thallium nws yog liab qab Plasmodium. Yog li, heev ntau haiv neeg golden algae.

Tus qauv ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov kab yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm txawv cov nqi ntawm cov flagella. Lawv tus xov tooj yog nyob rau hauv lub hom. Feem ntau ob ntawm lawv, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv ib co hom, muaj peb golden algae flagellum. Peb, tsau, nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug rooj noj. Nws hu ua gantonemoy thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov yuav ncua ntxiv nyob rau thaum xaus. Gantonemy feature yog hais tias lub cell nrog nws txuas rau lub substrate.

xim

Golden algae - yog sib cais, uas muaj xws li mas me me hom. Lawv chloroplasts yog feem ntau golden-daj xim. Ntawm ceeb toom pigments chlorophyll A. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, chlorophyll tau raug kuaj E, raws li zoo raws li ntau carotenoids, xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm carotene thiab xanthophylls, mas Staphylococcus fucoxanthin. Coloring cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Department ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb muaj peev xwm muaj ntau xim, nyob ntawm seb lub predominance ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam ntawm cov pigments. Nws yuav ua tau los ntawm greenish-daj thiab greenish-daj rau ib tug dawb huv golden-daj.

Tus nqi thiab tu tub tu kiv

Golden algae hom uas yog xauv npo - nws phototrophic kab mob. Lawv tseem ceeb cov lus dag mas nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm thawj ntau lawm pas dej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub mov saw ntawm ntau yam dej muaj tus kab mob, nrog rau cov ntses, golden algae. Hom txhim kho lawv cov roj tsoom fwv ntau yam reservoirs qhov twg lawv loj hlob. lawv tau daim tso ntawm sapropel.

Division Golden algae chaw ua taus zes nws cov neeg sawv cev yus muaj los ntawm ib tug yooj yim cell division, raws li zoo raws li los ntawm lwj thallus los yog multicellular zos mus rau hauv ib tug neeg qhov chaw. Academic paub thiab kev sib deev, uas yog ib tug raug autogamy, hologamiyu los yog isogamy. Nyob rau hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm tu tub tu kiv txheej txheem tshwm endogenous siliceous hlwv, differing nyob rau hauv lub puag xws li cov xwm ntawm lawv sculpting plhaub. Cov hlwv muaj ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi - lawv pab lub algae kom ciaj sia phiv tej yam kev mob.

Faib golden algae

Golden algae kis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Tiam sis ntau tshaj feem ntau lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv temperate latitudes. Cov nroj tsuag nyob mas nyob rau hauv tshiab dej. Golden algae yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho nyob rau hauv sphagnum bogs nrog acid dej. Ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv lub ntsev cov pas dej thiab seas. Cov kuab dej ntau npaum li cas rarer. Raws li rau cov av, lawv tsuas yog ib tug ob peb hom nyob rau hauv lawv.

Golden algae cov kev faib muaj xws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob peb cov chav kawm ntawv. Hauv qab no peb qhia ib co ntawm lawv.

chav kawm ntawv Hrizokapsovye

Nws cov neeg sawv cev yog yus muaj los ntawm muaj complex thallus uas muaj cov mucosa qauv. Hrizokapsovye colonial ntaub ntawv muaj xws li, tseem passively floating los yog txuas. Lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj tus flagella, los yog nto protrusions. Lawv ua ke rau hauv ib tug uas slime zos, dag feem ntau nyob rau hauv nws cov peripheral khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub central feem.

chav kawm ntawv Hrizotrihovye

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj xws li cov golden algae, muaj ib tug phaj-li, thiab filamentous raznonitchatuyu qauv. Tag nrho cov muaj tus kab mob yog multicellular, benthic feem ntau txuas. Tull tau hais branched los yog yooj yim, ib los yog multi-kab yarns, discoid platelets parenchymal los yog fab. Nyob rau hauv general lawv tsis raus slime.

Nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no ua ke tsim dej tsis qab ntsev, marine thiab brackish tsawg. Hrizotrihovye yog cov feem ntau heev ncaav pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tag nrho cov golden algae. Nws cov neeg zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv tsos rau ulotriksovymi teej tug mus rau lub department ntawm ntsuab algae, raws li zoo raws li geterotriksovymi teej tug department thiab daj-ntsuab algae. Ib txhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hrizotrihovyh li ib co ntawm cov feem ntau tsuas txheej txheem kelp.

chav kawm ntawv Hrizosferovye

Yuav kom qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv yuav golden algae, uas yog coccoid lub cev qauv. Lub hlwb ntawm cov kab them nrog ib tug cellulose membrane. Plaits thiab rhizopoda cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hoob kawm no yog tsis tuaj kiag li. Cov nroj tsuag yog unicellular, tsis txawj. Tsawg ntau colonial cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog koog puav cov hlwb, dim de kev cob cog rua thiab raus nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho slime. Lawv tsis tsim filaments los yog platelets thaum lub sij hawm tu tub tu kiv.

chav kawm ntawv Hrizofitsievye

Nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no yog koom golden algae, muaj ntau hom ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub thallus. Qhov ntawd ntaus ntawv yog nws puag, raws li uas nram qab no kev txiav txim yog faib rau cov hoob kawm no: rizohrizidalnye (muaj rizopodialnuyu qauv) hrizomonadalnye (mopadnye daim ntawv no) hrizokapsalnye (palmelloidnye daim ntawv no) feotamnialnye (filamentous) thiab hrizosferalnye (coccoid daim ntawv no). Peb muab rau koj tau ntsib nrog tus neeg txiav txim ntawm hoob no.

Hrizomonadalnye (txwv tsis pub - hromulinalnye)

Qhov no yog lub feem ntau kim heev txoj kev, sib txuas golden algae muaj monadic qauv raws li colonial thiab unicellular. Systematics chrysomonads raws li cov qauv thiab cov naj npawb ntawm cov flagella. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog qhov xwm ntawm lawv cell los xij. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug thiab biflagellate. Yav tas los nws twb ntseeg tau tias ntau txheej thaum ub qhov yog namely thawj. Txawm li cas los, lub electron tshuab pab zaum nrhiav pom tias liam odnozhgutikovyh ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov thib ob sab flagellum me me. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hypothesized uas lub hauv paus yuav ua tau biflagellate chrysomonads muaj heteromorphic geterokontnye thiab flagella thiab odnozhgutikovye ntaub ntawv yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub tom ntej yuav txo tau ntawm ib tug luv luv sam xauv nees.

Raws li rau lub cell npog hrizomonadalnyh cov neeg sawv cev, lawv yog cov sib txawv. Muaj liab qab daim ntawv no, hnav xwb cov ntshav membrane. Lwm yam kev hlwb yog xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cellulose tsev. Nyob rau plasmalemma peb cover yog muaj li ntawm silicified teev.

Siv cov cell division ua chrysomonads tu tub tu kiv txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom muaj thiab kev sib deev kev.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias chrysomonads - nws yog feem ntau dej tsis qab ntsev kab mob. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub dej ntshiab. Chrysomonads feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm txias rau lub caij, lig Autumn thiab thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Ib txhia cov kab mob no nyob hauv cov dej khov nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no. Txawm li cas los, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom, rau lawv nws yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov dej kub. Nws muaj tsuas yog ib tug indirect nqi. Cov Science News for KIDS ntawm cov dej yog ib tug tseem ceeb. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo nws yog hloov nyob rau hauv cov dej thaum lub sij hawm txias rau lub caij raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tsis muaj lwm yam nroj tsuag muaj ntau nitrogen thiab hlau. Feem ntau cov chrysomonads nyob rau hauv plankton. Lawv muaj kev tshwj xeeb npaj rau kev planktonic txoj kev ua neej. Ib txhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chrysomonads tsuas dej nyob rau hauv xim av xim, ua rau nws "tawg".

Peb muab rau koj tau ntsib nrog rau cov tsev neeg Ohromonadovye uas yog muab tso rau qhov no cais.

tsev neeg Ohromonadovye

Peb mus txuas ntxiv los saib xyuas lub tuam tsev lub golden algae. Cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg Ohromonadovye - ntau yam liab qab daim ntawv no. Lawv lub hlwb yog them tsuas yog tus cytoplasmic membrane muaj ib tug los yog ob tug flagella (teej).

Rhode Ohromonas

Algae ntawm no zoo yuav mus nyob rau hauv lub neuston los yog dej tsis qab ntsev plankton. Tsawg zaus, lawv yuav pom nyob rau hauv brackish dej. Qhov no genus yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug cell ntawm golden xim, muaj ob tug heteromorphic thiab geterokontnyh flagellum. Ohromonas - ib tug liab qab ntawm tes, hnav sab nraud xwb lub cytoplasmic membrane. Lub cytoskeleton yog muaj li ntawm microtubules pov tseg peripherally txhawb nws teardrop zoo. Thaum qhov chaw ntawm xws li ib tug cell muaj ib tug nucleus. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm lub nuclear lub hnab ntawv uas muaj ob week.

Phaj chromatophores (muaj ob tug) muaj kos nyob rau hauv expansion, uas yog tam sim no nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub week ntawm lub nuclear lub hnab ntawv. Lub ultrastructure ntawm lawv yog ntse lub department uas lawv yuav. Major hrizolaminarinom nrog vacuole nyob rau ntawm lub rear ntawm lub cell. Lub mitochondria tawg ri niab nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, golgi apparatus yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm xws li ib tug ntawm tes. Los ntawm nws pem hauv ntej kawg ncaim flagella. Ob tug ntawm lawv, lawv yuav tsis tib yam ntev.

G. Buck kawm cov keeb kwm mastigonemes thiab zoo qauv nyob rau hauv Ochromonas danica (golden algae). Duab nrog npe pab pom tau cov no los yog lwm yam kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab saum toj no - algae Ochromonas danica. Qhov no hom yog ib qho yooj yim los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi lub zog ntawm lub mastigonemes. Lub fact tias nws lub hlwb muaj ib tug interesting feature - lawv yuav tau yooj yim poob lawv flagella, thiab ces rov tsim lawv. Nws tso cai rau koj mus tshawb cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm lwm ntawm lub flagellar apparatus.

Rhode Mallomonas

Nws cov tswv cuab feem ntau nyob rau hauv dej tsis qab ntsev plankton. Qhov no ib haiv neeg lub richest nyob rau hauv hom. Hlwb ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev txawv nyob rau hauv zoo lawm. Lawv yuav them rau twg los yog dos silicified teev. Mallomonas caudata (pictured saum toj no) - ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws hom ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no zoo. Rau nws yog piav nyob rau hauv kom meej ultrastructure ntsiab lus twg plaub ya ri thiab cell txheem raws li tau zoo raws li lub mechanism ntawm lawv tsim, tso tawm thiab tom ntej deposition rau lawv cell nto. Txawm li cas los, xws kev tshawb fawb tseem nyob ntawm ob peb.

Piav mentsis txog tus flagella ntawm tus sawv cev ntawm cov genus Mallomonas li M. caudata. Lawv muaj ob tug, tab sis qhov txawv yog tsuas yog ib nyob rau hauv ib tug optical tshuab kuaj kab mob. Qhov no flagellum muaj ib tug ib txwm qauv. Nws muaj 2 kab ntawm cov plaub hau-mastigonemes. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob indistinguishable thib ob flagellum, uas protrudes ib tug luv luv deb ntawm lub cell. Dos cover hides nws.

Rhode Sinura

Qhov no genus yog yus muaj los ntawm ellipsoidal los yog kheej kheej zos muaj txiv moj coos zoo li tus hlwb. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub colony lawv txuas rear xaus, tej zaum ntev heev. Los ntawm cov cytoplasmic membrane sab nraum lub cell hnav khaub ncaws silicified teev. Cov teev cov txheej txheem spirally, lawv sib tshooj imbricated. Ultrastructure thiab daim ntawv ntawm cov dos, zoo li thaum mallomonas yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg taxonomic tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg sawv cev xws li S. sphagnicola (pictured saum toj no), xam nyob rau hauv tus ntoo khaub lig-section basal phaj yog tiaj tus, i.e. muaj ib tug uniform thickness. Me perforations txeem nws. Apical tau nyeem tas ntug nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntug. Basal ntug thaum bent. Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm basal lamina, txoj kev ua ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug bracket nyob rau hauv no golden algae. nws cov tswv cuab muaj ib tug hollow ntsia hlau loj, khoov duav outwards. Nws yog daim ntawv ntawm ib tug deb ntawm lub hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ntug lub phaj. Nws yog lub sij hawm yog nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus.

Raws li rau lwm yam mej zeej ntawm lub department, raws li cov golden algae, tus qauv ntawm cov dos me ntsis nyuab dua. Qhov no siv nyob rau hauv particular mus S. petersonii. Finely perforated tshaj lub basal lamina nyob rau hauv no hom yog cov nrub nrab ntug (hollow). Nws apical, blunt los yog ntse. Kawg tej zaum nws yuav ntev tshaj rau pem hauv ntej ntawm ntug teev, yog li simulating lub qhov ntsia hlau loj. Major lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub nrub nrab ntug nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm nws. Lub basal kawg ntawm cov dos yog khoov duav zoo li ib tug horseshoe. Nws hovers dua nws lub cev. Pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab lub teev uas npog lub cell lub cev, muaj transverse tav, uas ntev los ntawm cov nrub nrab ntug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub transverse theem nrab kuj muaj longitudinal ribs. Nyob rau ntawm tes scale nws tsis yog ca, thiab txuas, thaj, tsuas yog tus opposite kawg ntawm cov nqaj qaum. Nyob rau hauv S. sphagnicola (pictured saum toj no) profiles ntawm lub cev teev tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasmic hlwv, mas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub txheej saum npoo ntawm cov chloroplast, txawm hais tias lawv kuj tshwm sim ntawm nws thiab hlwv nrog hrizolaminarinom.

Group kok-kolitoforid

Golden algae hom thiab cov npe uas peb kawm ntau heev heev. Co yog ib tug tshwj xeeb pab pawg neeg - ua noj-kolitoforid. Nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv nta. Pellicle lawv ncig lub sab nraum coccoliths ntxiv txheej (thiaj li hu ua round calcareous corpuscles). Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua nplaum, uas allocates ib protoplast.

chav kawm ntawv Gaptofitsievye

Hoob no yog xaiv feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov monadic hlwb uas muaj gaptonemoy dua li flagella. Tus qauv ntawm cov hoob kawm no muaj xws li peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau. Xav txog ib tug ntawm lawv.

Qhov kev txiav txim primiezialnye

Nws yog feem ntau yog yus muaj los ntawm ob tug isomorphic thiab izokontnymi flagella, raws li zoo raws li ntev gaptonemoy. Nyob rau sab nraum qhov chaw ntawm lub plasmalemma ntawm hlwb loj los yog uas tsis yog-mineralized organic flake-coccoliths lub cev (txiv qaub), uas ua ke tsim kokkosferu ib ncig ntawm lub cell.

Ib tug ntawm cov tsev neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim - Prymnesiaceae. Raws li nyob rau hauv tshiab dej thiab seas muaj lwm genus Hrizohromulina thereto. Dawb los yog kheej kheej hlwb nrog ob tug tus flagella sib npaug ntev thiab gaptonemoy them sab nraum lub cytoplasmic membrane uas tsis yog-mineralized organic teev. Cov yav tas yog feem ntau ntawm ob hom. Lawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv zoo thiab los yog me me.

Piv txwv li, Chrysochromulina birgeri muaj ob hom ntawm cov teev uas npog nws lub cev. Lawv txawv tsuas nyob rau hauv loj. Cov dos yog tsim los ntawm cov dawb daim hlau, nqus uas yog ib tug radial ridges. Tseem muaj ob central protrusion muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuab raj. Cell nto nyob rau hauv lwm hom kev pab them los ntawm cov teev, uas yog morphologically sib txawv, ntau dua los yog tsawg sharply. Piv txwv li, ib tug ca, npawv nrog dos nyob rau hauv Ch. cyanophora muaj nyias concentric ridges. Lawv sib tshooj, txoj kev ua ib lub thawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tawb. Feem ntau lawv nkaum heev heev cylindrical teev, nyob sab nraum.

Ob hom ntawm cov teev muaj kuj nyob rau ntawm Ch. megacyiindra - qhov no lub tog raj kheej thiab lub phaj. Cov thooj voos kheej kheej yog tusyees faib ib ncig ntawm lub tawb kaw nas. Txhua yam ntawm lawv txuas rau nws qis kawg lub basal phaj. Sab ntawm cov thooj voos kheej kheej yog yuav luag kov txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lawv muaj ca teev nrog rims, txoj kev ua ib tug plurality ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Peb hom ntawm cov teev cai nyob rau hauv Ch. chiton. Lawv npaj yog yus muaj los ntawm rau loj tsis muaj ntug yog nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug, loj thiab nrog ib tug ntug. Qhov khoob ntawm lawv tau sau feem ntau me me plaub ya ri.

Nyob rau hauv xaus, ib nyuag saib lwm tsev neeg.

tsev neeg Kokkolitoforidovye

Qhov no muaj xws li mas marine hom. Qhov kos yog gimenomonas - dej tsis qab ntsev genus. Monadic hlwb ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj ob tug zoo tib flagellum. Gaptonema lawv feem ntau yog pom zoo heev. Cuaj kaum, ib tug xov tooj ntawm coccolithophorids nws thaj txo. Piv txwv li, nws yuav tsis cai nyob rau hauv N. coronate.

Lub hlwb ntawm cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv tsis txawv los ntawm lwm lub hlwb gaptofitsievyh. Lawv muaj ib tug nucleus thiab chloroplasts, uas yog surrounded los ntawm endoplasmic reticulum. Lawv muaj trehtilakoidnye lamellae, uas tsis muaj nws daim siv sia lamella. Nyob rau hauv lub cell muaj thiab pyrenoids. Kev nyeem thylakoids hla nws. Tsis tas li ntawd tam sim no mitochondria, Golgi apparatus , thiab li ntawd. Nrog rau kev hwm rau cov cell daim ntawv, nws yog nyob sab nraum ntawm lub cytoplasmic membrane. Coccoliths - plaub ya ri impregnated carbonate uas nws muaj. Coccoliths ua ke tsim kokkosferu ib ncig ntawm lub cell. Ib txhia ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-mineralized organic plaub ya ri sib nrug los ntawm lawv.

Coccoliths thiab sau ntawv cwj mem av dawb

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev sau ntawv cwj mem av dawb, paub rau tag nrho cov ntawm peb, yog heev nthuav. Thaum saib nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob, yog hais tias tsis zoo heev ntug cov duab, soj ntsuam ntawm feem ntau ntes cov lub qhov muag ntawm foraminifera zoo li. Txawm li cas los, nyob ntau dua magnification qhia ib tug plurality ntawm pob tshab daim hlau uas muaj lwm keeb kwm. Lawv tus nqi yog tsawg tshaj li 10 microns. Cov phiaj no yog coccoliths thiab sawv cev rau ib particle plhaub coccolithophorids algae. Siv ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob pub zaum los mus txiav txim hais tias coccoliths thiab lawv tawg tsam ua li 95% ntawm cov Cretaceous pob zeb. Cov nthuav kev kawm ntawv yog tam sim no kawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ultrastructure. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, zaum tau xav txog lawv genesis.

Yog li ntawd, peb luv luv suav hais tias yog Golden algae Division. Kawm thiab mej zeej ntawm nws tau piav los ntawm peb. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb tham xwb ntawm tej hom, tab sis qhov no yog txaus kom tau ib tug dav dav lub tswv yim ntawm lub department ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm teb cov lus nug: "Golden Algae - yog dab tsi?"