Herbert Spencer: biography thiab yooj yim lub tswv yim. English philosopher thiab sociologist ntawm lub caij XIX xyoo pua,

Herbert Spencer (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1820-1903) - ib tug philosopher ntawm ces, lub ntsiab tus neeg sawv cev yuav tau lug faib nyob rau hauv lub 2nd ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo evolutionism. Nws meant los ntawm ib tug holistic philosophy, niaj hnub paub raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev sciences thiab tau mus txog rau hauv nws cov kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug universal lub zej lub zos. Uas yog, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog lub siab tshaj plaws qib ntawm kev txawj ntse, yuav tsum vov lub ntiaj teb no tseem ntawm txoj cai lij choj. Raws li Spencer, nws yog evolutionism, uas yog txoj kev loj hlob. Major hauj lwm los ntawm no cov sau: "Psychology" (1855), "System of cua Philosophy" (1862-1896), "Social Statistics" (1848).

Early lub neej Spencer

Herbert Spencer yug nyob rau hauv 1820, nyob rau hnub tim 27, nyob rau hauv Derby. Txiv ntxawm, txiv thiab nws yawg yog cov xib fwb. Yog li ntawd cov neeg pluag noj qab haus huv muaj Herbert uas nws niam nws txiv tau txawm poob ib ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv kev cia siab hais tias tus me nyuam tub yuav ciaj sia. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, nws tsis qhia tej yam zoo kawg li muaj peev xwm, kuv kawm nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv tsuas 8 lub xyoo, tab sis yog, cov phau ntawv tsis yog xav nyob hauv nws. Herbert Spencer tom tsev kawm ntawv yog tub nkeeg thiab tawg khiav ri niab mus rau tib tawv ncauj thiab tsis mloog lus. Nws upbringing twb koom nyob rau hauv lub tsev txiv, uas xav kom nws tus tub tau extraordinary thiab ywj siab xav. Herbert los ntawm ib ce muaj zog los txhim kho lawv tus mob.

Kev Kawm Ntawv Herbert Spencer

Nws twb raug xa mus rau 13 xyoo, raws li cov lus Askiv kev cai, rau nws tus txiv ntxawm nyob rau hauv niam qhuav txiv qhuav. Thomas, Spencer tus txiv ntxawm, yog ib tug pov thawj nyob rau hauv da dej. Nws yog "lub tsev kawm ntawv tus txiv neej." Herbert nyob rau ntawm nws insistence, txuas ntxiv mus kawm ntawv nyob rau Cambridge University. Txawm li cas los, tom qab peb xyoos uas peb npaj kawg kuv mus tsev. Nws txiav txim siab mus ntxiv lawv txoj kev kawm rau lawv tus kheej.

Tsis txhob khuv xim Herbert Spencer uas kawm txoj kev kawm ntawv yog tsis tau txais. Nws yog ib tug zoo lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub neej, uas tom qab pab rau kov yeej ntau yam kev cov nyom ces yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kev daws ntau yam teeb meem.

Spencer - engineer

Spencer txiv xav kom nws cov tub los ua ib tug kws qhia ntawv, koj yuav tsum ua raws li nyob rau hauv nws footsteps. Tau txais ib theem kev kawm ntawv, nws yeej pab rau ib tug ob peb lub hlis nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws kawm nws tus kheej ib zaug, ib tug kws qhia ntawv. Thaum Spencer tsom txuj ci raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv. Tab sis nws yog ntau xav nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab kev kawm txog zauv tshaj Philology thiab keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd thaum nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau tshem lub engineer, nws txais qhov kev tsis hesitation, Herbert Spencer. Nws biography ntawm lub sij hawm no yog cim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog kev ua tau zoo nws txoj hauj lwm, nws saib cov kev npaj, kos maps. Peb txaus siab nyob rau hauv ib tug txawj xav txawm invented ib tug tshwj xeeb cov cuab tam ( "velocimeter"), tsim los ntsuas cov kev ceev ntawm u.

Nta Spencer raws li ib tug philosopher

Feem ntau ntawm progenitor philosopher Herbert Spencer, uas nws biography yog piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, txawv tswv yim tig ntawm lub hlwb. Qhov no coj nws mus rau lub Comte, founder ntawm positivism, thiab Renouvier, Neo-uas, dhau lawm, ua tsis tiav hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub humanities ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no feature tau instrumental nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov thawj philosophical outlook Spencer. Tiam sis muaj nyob rau hauv nws thiab nws cov drawbacks. Piv txwv li, nws, zoo li Comte, tsis paub tias yog hom ntawm tus German lus, yog li tej hauj lwm ntawm philosophers uas tau sau rau nws, yuav tsis tau nyeem nyob rau hauv cov thawj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv ces yuav tsis paub hais tias German xav (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, thiab lwm tus neeg.). Tsuas yog txij thaum lub caij 1820s, cov British pib mus ntsib cov sau phau ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tus thawj txhais nyob rau tib lub sij hawm twb txom nyem heev tsis zoo.

Self-kev kawm ntawv, cov thawj philosophical writings

Nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm Spencer nyob rau hauv 1839 lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau hauv lub "Principles of Geology" Lyell. Nws ntsib nyob rau hauv no muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub evolution ntawm lub neej. Spencer tseem ntse engineering tej yaam num, tab sis tam sim no kuj meej hais tias qhov no profession yog ib tug muaj zog nyiaj txiag txoj hauj lwm nws tsis lav. Herbert nyob rau hauv 1841, nws rov qab los tsev thiab tau rau ob lub xyoos nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej-kev kawm ntawv. Nws tau ntsib cov hauj lwm ntawm classics ntawm philosophy thiab luam tawm nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws thawj thawj hauj lwm - cov khoom sau ntawv rau "non-conformists", mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm qhov tseeb thaj tsam ntawm tsoom fwv kev ua si.

Herbert dua nyob rau hauv 1843-1846 xyoo ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug engineer, ua lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws yog xav nyob rau hauv ntau nom tswv tej teeb meem. Great cawv sib sib zog tsa rau nws nyob rau hauv lub teb tus txiv ntxawm Thomas, ib tug pov thawj uas adhered, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lwm tus neeg hauv Spencer tsev neeg, conservative views, koom nyob rau hauv cov kev ywj pheej zog, lub Chartists, raws li zoo raws li campaigning rau lub abolition ntawm cov pob kws cai.

"Social Statistics"

Spencer nyob rau hauv 1846 los ua ib tug pab cuam editor ntawm "Lub xam nyiaj txiag" (txhua lub limtiam). Nws khwv zoo, siab ntso nws spare lub sij hawm tus kheej ua hauj lwm. Herbert sau, "social statistics", nyob rau hauv uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej ntshai li ib ce muaj zog maj saum ntuj los muaj lub tswv yim. Nws tom qab pom cov tswvyim no heev teologichnym. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm, Spencer thov mus rau lub neej kev ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution.

Nws tsis mus unnoticed no sau ntawv tshwj xeeb. Tied nrog kev hlub Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no ua hauj lwm khwv tau nws admirers thiab cov phooj ywg xws li Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Zeb. Tsuas yog nrog cov Carlyle kev sib raug zoo tsis tau ua ib ke. Txawj xav thiab txias Spencer yuav tsis coj nws tsib siab heev.

"Psychology"

Philosopher tshwm sim txoj kev vam meej ntawm nws tus thawj ua hauj lwm. Nws luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1848 mus 1858 ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm tus neeg mob thiab yog xav tias yuav lub hom phiaj, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas xav mus devote ib tug lub neej. Spencer siv nyob rau hauv "Psychology" (tus thib ob daim ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1855) nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub psychology ntawm lub hypothesis ntawm tej yam ntuj tso paus chiv keeb ntawm hom thiab cov uas hais tias ib tug generic kev yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi tus inexplicable neeg. Yog li ntawd, Darwin ntseeg hais tias cov philosopher raws li ib tug ntawm nws predecessors.

"Hluavtaws Philosophy"

Maj mam, Spencer pib los tsim nws tus kheej lub cev. Nws twb los ntawm lub empiricism ntawm nws predecessors, mas Zeb thiab Hume, Kant tus thuam, refracted los ntawm cov plaub ntawm Hamilton (tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm thiaj li hu ua "kev txiav txim siab"), raws li zoo raws li lub positivism ntawm Comte thiab tej yam ntuj tso philosophy ntawm Schelling. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab lub tswv yim ntawm nws philosophical system yog lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.

"Hluavtaws Philosophy", nws lub ntsiab ua hauj lwm, Herbert tau mob siab 36 xyoo ntawm nws lub neej. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog tau yeeb koob Spencer, uas tshaj tawm lub ci ntsa iab tshaj philosopher ntawm nyob lub sij hawm.

Herbert Spencer nyob rau hauv 1858, txiav txim siab los tshaj tawm tus ntawv ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub subscription. Tus thawj qhov teeb meem nws luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1860. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1860 mus 1863 tuaj "Basic Principles". Txawm li cas los, vim rau nyiaj txiag teeb meem tsab tsis yog loj.

nyiaj txiag teeb meem

Spencer raug kev txom nyem raug kev txom nyem thiab poob, yog nyob rau lub verge ntawm cov neeg txom nyem. Peb yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau cov hauj lwm no uas tiv thaiv tshee qaug. Nyob rau hauv 1865, lub philosopher hais tias kawg cov txawj nyeem ntawv uas yuam kom muab ncua tseg tso zis ntawm cov series. Ob xyoos tom qab, tom qab Herbert txiv tuag lawm, nws twb tau txais ib tug me me qub txeeg qub teg, uas yog dog dig zoo nws tej nyiaj txiag.

Kawm paub txog Youmans, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub US

Herbert Spencer thaum lub sij hawm ntsib nrog Youmans, ib tug American, uas luam tawm nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, nrov heev Herbert yuav ntxov tshaj nyob rau hauv ces. Khoom txhawb nqa nws muaj Youmans thiab American kiv cua, uas tso cai rau cov philosopher mus rov pib dua ntawv ntawm nws phau ntawv. 27 xyoo ntawm kev phooj ywg tseem Youmans thiab Spencer, rau tus tuag ntawm tus thawj. Lub npe Herbert maj hu. Qhov kev thov rau nws cov phau ntawv. Nws npog nyob rau hauv 1875, nyiaj txiag losses, profits.

Spencer ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo mus rau 2 qho chaw twg rau sab qab teb ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab nyob rau hauv America, nyob rau hauv feem ntau nyob rau hauv London. Nyob rau hauv 1886, lub philosopher vim hais tias ntawm cov neeg pluag noj qab haus huv twb yuam kom cuam tshuam nws 4 xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Qhov kawg volume twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1896, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg.

Herbert Spencer: Basic tswv yim

Cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm nws ( "Hluavtaws Philosophy") muaj 10 tagnrho. Nws muaj xws li lub "Basic Principles", "Hauv paus ntawm psychology", "me nyuam yaus ntawm Biology", "me nyuam yaus ntawm Sociology". Lub philosopher ntseeg hais tias lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no, kuj nrog rau ntau yam societies, yog ib tug evolutionary txoj cai. Teeb meem ntawm "incoherent homogeneity" nkag mus rau "coherent heterogeneity", uas yog txawv. Qhov no txoj cai yog universal, hais tias Herbert Spencer. Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog nws mloog tag nrho cov nuances, tab sis rau cov thawj acquaintance nrog lub philosophy ntawm qhov no yog txaus. Spencer ib co kua nplaum qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib lub cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb, nrog rau cov keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg. Nws tsis kam Theological kev piav qhia ntawm Herbert Spencer. Sociology nws yog devoid ntawm kev twb kev txuas nrog cov divine. Nws nkag siab txog cov hauj lwm ntawm zej zog raws li ib tug sia ntawm sib xyaw qhov chaw ncua lub ntau yam ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab qhia rau hauv philosopher kawm nws. Raws li Herbert Spencer, txoj cai ntawm equilibrium yog lub hauv paus ntawm evolution. Qhov xwm ntawm tej txhaum cai ntawm nws aims lossi mus rov qab mus rau lub yav dhau los lub xeev. Qhov no yog qhov organicism ntawm Herbert Spencer. Txij li thaum lub yooj yim nqi yog tu cim evolution yog qeeb. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej tsis yog raws li optimistic li Zeb thiab Comte, Herbert Spencer. Lub ntsiab ntawm nws tau peb luv luv tham.

Philosopher tuag nyob rau hauv 1903, Hlis ntuj nqeg 8, nyob rau hauv Brighton. Nws nyob, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm nws cov neeg pluag noj qab haus huv, ntau tshaj 83 xyoo.

Herbert Spencer lub kev tshawb xav los ua lub npe hu rau kawm ntawv cov neeg. Niaj hnub no, peb tsis muaj lawm xav los tsis nco qab txog leej twg tshuav tus foundations ntawm qhov no los yog hais tias lub tswv yim. Herbert Spencer, Sociology thiab philosophy uas ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb xav, yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj minds nyob rau hauv keeb kwm.